Caracterización de niveles de informalidad en textos de la Web 2.0

El análisis de textos de la Web 2.0 es un tema de investigación relevante hoy en día. Sin embargo, son muchos los problemas que se plantean a la hora de utilizar las herramientas actuales en este tipo de textos. Para ser capaces de medir estas dificultades primero necesitamos conocer los diferentes registros o grados de informalidad que podemos encontrar. Por ello, en este trabajo intentaremos caracterizar niveles de informalidad para textos en inglés en la Web 2.0 mediante técnicas de aprendizaje automático no supervisado, obteniendo resultados del 68 % en F1.

EmotiBlog: a model to learn subjective information detection in the new textual genres of the Web 2.0 -a multilingual and multi-genre approach-

Tesis doctoral con mención europea en procesamiento del lenguaje natural realizada en la Universidad de Alicante por Ester Boldrini bajo la dirección del Dr. Patricio Martínez-Barco. El acto de defensa de la tesis tuvo lugar en la Universidad de Alicante el 23 de enero de 2012 ante el tribunal formado por los doctores Manuel Palomar (Universidad de Alicante), Dr. Paloma Moreda (UA), Dr. Mariona Taulé (Universidad de Barcelona), Dr. Horacio Saggion (Universitat Pompeu Fabra) y Dr. Mike Thelwall (University of Wolverhampton). Calificación: Sobresaliente Cum Laude por unanimidad.

Opinion and generic question answering systems: a performance analysis

The importance of the new textual genres such as blogs or forum entries is growing in parallel with the evolution of the Social Web. This paper presents two corpora of blog posts in English and in Spanish, annotated according to the EmotiBlog annotation scheme. Furthermore, we created 20 factual and opinionated questions for each language and also the Gold Standard for their answers in the corpus. The purpose of our work is to study the challenges involved in a mixed fact and opinion question answering setting by comparing the performance of two Question Answering (QA) systems as far as mixed opinion and factual setting is concerned. The first one is open domain, while the second one is opinion-oriented. We evaluate separately the two systems in both languages and propose possible solutions to improve QA systems that have to process mixed questions.

Enrichment of the Phenotypic and Genotypic Data Warehouse analysis using Question Answering systems to facilitate the decision making process in cereal breeding programs

Currently there are an overwhelming number of scientific publications in Life Sciences, especially in Genetics and Biotechnology. This huge amount of information is structured in corporate Data Warehouses (DW) or in Biological Databases (e.g. UniProt, RCSB Protein Data Bank, CEREALAB or GenBank), whose main drawback is its cost of updating that makes it obsolete easily. However, these Databases are the main tool for enterprises when they want to update their internal information, for example when a plant breeder enterprise needs to enrich its genetic information (internal structured Database) with recently discovered genes related to specific phenotypic traits (external unstructured data) in order to choose the desired parentals for breeding programs. In this paper, we propose to complement the internal information with external data from the Web using Question Answering (QA) techniques. We go a step further by providing a complete framework for integrating unstructured and structured information by combining traditional Databases and DW architectures with QA systems. The great advantage of our framework is that decision makers can compare instantaneously internal data with external data from competitors, thereby allowing taking quick strategic decisions based on richer data.

Web-based OERs in Computer Networks

Learning and teaching processes are continually changing. Therefore, design of learning technologies has gained interest in educators and educational institutions from secondary school to higher education. This paper describes the successfully use in education of social learning technologies and virtual laboratories designed by the authors, as well as videos developed by the students. These tools, combined with other open educational resources based on a blended-learning methodology, have been employed to teach the subject of Computer Networks. We have verified not only that the application of OERs into the learning process leads to a significantly improvement of the assessments, but also that the combination of several OERs enhances their effectiveness. These results are supported by, firstly, a study of both students’ opinion and students’ behaviour over five academic years, and, secondly, a correlation analysis between the use of OERs and the grades obtained by students.

Disposable electrochromic polyaniline sensor based on a redox response using a conventional camera: A first approach to handheld analysis

We present a disposable optical sensor for Ascorbic Acid (AA). It uses a polyaniline based electrochromic sensing film that undergoes a color change when exposed to solutions of ascorbic acid at pH 3.0. The color is monitored by a conventional digital camera working with the hue (H) color coordinate. The electrochromic film was deposited on an Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) electrode by cyclic voltammetry and then characterized by atomic force microscopy, electrochemical and spectroscopic techniques. An estimation of the initial rate of H, as ΔH/Δt, is used as the analytical parameter and resulted in the following logarithmic relationship: ΔH/Δt = 0.029 log[AA] + 0.14, with a limit of detection of 17 μM. The relative standard deviation when using the same membrane 5 times was 7.4% for the blank, and 2.6% (for n = 3) on exposure to ascorbic acid in 160 μM concentration. The sensor is disposable and its applicability to pharmaceutical analysis was demonstrated. This configuration can be extended for future handheld configurations.

Assessment of Web Content Accessibility Levels in Spanish Official Online Education Environments

Diversity-based designing, or the goal of ensuring that web-based information is accessible to as many diverse users as possible, has received growing international acceptance in recent years, with many countries introducing legislation to enforce it. This paper analyses web content accessibility levels in Spanish education portals according to the international guidelines established by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and the Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI). Additionally, it suggests the calculation of an inaccessibility rate as a tool for measuring the degree of non-compliance with WAI Guidelines 2.0 as well as illustrating the significant gap that separates people with disabilities from digital education environments (with a 7.77% average). A total of twenty-one educational web portals with two different web depth levels (42 sampling units) were assessed for this purpose using the automated analysis tool Web Accessibility Test 2.0 (TAW, for its initials in Spanish). The present study reveals a general trend towards non-compliance with the technical accessibility recommendations issued by the W3C-WAI group (97.62% of the websites examined present mistakes in Level A conformance). Furthermore, despite the increasingly high number of legal and regulatory measures about accessibility, their practical application still remains unsatisfactory. A greater level of involvement must be assumed in order to raise awareness and enhance training efforts towards accessibility in the context of collective Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), since this represents not only a necessity but also an ethical, social, political and legal commitment to be assumed by society.

Evaluación del contenido sobre educación alimentaria en páginas web de servicios de catering: estudio piloto en el ámbito escolar

Introducción: Analizar la calidad de las páginas web de los servicios de catering en el ámbito escolar y su contenido en educación alimentaria, y tener una primera experiencia con la herramienta de evaluación EDALCAT. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal. La población de estudio son páginas web de empresas de catering encargadas de la gestión de los comedores escolares. La muestra se obtuvo utilizando el buscador Google y un Ranking de las principales empresas de catering por facturación, escogiendo aquellas que tenían página web. Para la prueba piloto se seleccionaron diez páginas web según proximidad geográfica a la ciudad de Alicante y nivel de facturación. Para la evaluación de los sitios web se diseñó un cuestionario (EDALCAT), compuesto de un primer bloque de predictores de calidad con 19 variables de fiabilidad, diseño y navegación; y de un segundo bloque de contenidos específicos de educación alimentaria con 19 variables de contenido y actividades educativas. Resultados: Se han obtenido resultados positivos en 31 de las 38 variables del cuestionario, excepto en los ítems: “Buscador”, “Idioma” (40%) y “Ayuda” (10%) del bloque predictores de calidad y en los ítems: “Talleres”, “Recetario”, “Web alimentación-nutrición” (40%) y “Ejemplos” (30%) del bloque de contenidos específicos de educación alimentaria. Todas las páginas web evaluadas superan valores del 50% de cumplimiento de criterios de calidad y de contenidos mínimos en educación alimentaria, y sólo una de ellas, incumple el nivel de actividad mínimo establecido. Conclusiones: Los predictores de calidad y los contenidos específicos en educación alimentaria dieron buenos resultados en todas las páginas web evaluadas. La mayoría de ellas obtuvieron una alta puntuación en su valoración, y en su análisis individual por bloques. Tras el estudio piloto el cuestionario se ha modificado y se obtiene el EDALCAT definitivo. En líneas generales EDALCAT parece ser adecuado para evaluar la calidad de las páginas web de servicios de catering y su contenido en educación alimentaria, sin embargo el presente estudio no puede considerarse como validación del mismo.

A public-professional web-bridge for vaccines and vaccination: User concerns about vaccine safety

Vacunas.org (http://www.vacunas.org), a website founded by the Spanish Association of Vaccinology offers a personalized service called Ask the Expert, which answers any questions posed by the public or health professionals about vaccines and vaccination. The aim of this study was to analyze the factors associated with questions on vaccination safety and determine the characteristics of questioners and the type of question asked during the period 2008–2010. A total of 1341 questions were finally included in the analysis. Of those, 30% were related to vaccine safety. Questions about pregnant women had 5.01 higher odds of asking about safety (95% CI 2.82–8.93) than people not belonging to any risk group. Older questioners (>50 years) were less likely to ask about vaccine safety compared to younger questioners (OR: 0.44, 95% CI 0.25–0.76). Questions made after vaccination or related to influenza (including H1N1) or travel vaccines were also associated with a higher likelihood of asking about vaccine safety. These results identify risk groups (pregnant women), population groups (older people) and some vaccines (travel and influenza vaccines, including H1N1) where greater efforts to provide improved, more-tailored vaccine information in general and on the Internet are required.

Gaia-ESO Survey: Analysis of pre-main sequence stellar spectra

Context. The Gaia-ESO Public Spectroscopic Survey is obtaining high-quality spectroscopy of some 100 000 Milky Way stars using the FLAMES spectrograph at the VLT, down to V = 19 mag, systematically covering all the main components of the Milky Way and providing the first homogeneous overview of the distributions of kinematics and chemical element abundances in the Galaxy. Observations of young open clusters, in particular, are giving new insights into their initial structure, kinematics, and their subsequent evolution. Aims. This paper describes the analysis of UVES and GIRAFFE spectra acquired in the fields of young clusters whose population includes pre-main sequence (PMS) stars. The analysis is applied to all stars in such fields, regardless of any prior information on membership, and provides fundamental stellar atmospheric parameters, elemental abundances, and PMS-specific parameters such as veiling, accretion, and chromospheric activity. Methods. When feasible, different methods were used to derive raw parameters (e.g. line equivalent widths) fundamental atmospheric parameters and derived parameters (e.g. abundances). To derive some of these parameters, we used methods that have been extensively used in the past and new ones developed in the context of the Gaia-ESO survey enterprise. The internal precision of these quantities was estimated by inter-comparing the results obtained by these different methods, while the accuracy was estimated by comparison with independent external data, such as effective temperature and surface gravity derived from angular diameter measurements, on a sample of benchmarks stars. A validation procedure based on these comparisons was applied to discard spurious or doubtful results and produce recommended parameters. Specific strategies were implemented to resolve problems of fast rotation, accretion signatures, chromospheric activity, and veiling. Results. The analysis carried out on spectra acquired in young cluster fields during the first 18 months of observations, up to June 2013, is presented in preparation of the first release of advanced data products. These include targets in the fields of the ρ Oph, Cha I, NGC 2264, γ Vel, and NGC 2547 clusters. Stellar parameters obtained with the higher resolution and larger wavelength coverage from UVES are reproduced with comparable accuracy and precision using the smaller wavelength range and lower resolution of the GIRAFFE setup adopted for young stars, which allows us to provide stellar parameters with confidence for the much larger GIRAFFE sample. Precisions are estimated to be ≈120 K rms in Teff, ≈0.3 dex rms in log g, and ≈0.15 dex rms in [Fe/H] for the UVES and GIRAFFE setups.

The Gaia-ESO Survey: The analysis of high-resolution UVES spectra of FGK-type stars

Context. The ongoing Gaia-ESO Public Spectroscopic Survey is using FLAMES at the VLT to obtain high-quality medium-resolution Giraffe spectra for about 105 stars and high-resolution UVES spectra for about 5000 stars. With UVES, the Survey has already observed 1447 FGK-type stars. Aims. These UVES spectra are analyzed in parallel by several state-of-the-art methodologies. Our aim is to present how these analyses were implemented, to discuss their results, and to describe how a final recommended parameter scale is defined. We also discuss the precision (method-to-method dispersion) and accuracy (biases with respect to the reference values) of the final parameters. These results are part of the Gaia-ESO second internal release and will be part of its first public release of advanced data products. Methods. The final parameter scale is tied to the scale defined by the Gaia benchmark stars, a set of stars with fundamental atmospheric parameters. In addition, a set of open and globular clusters is used to evaluate the physical soundness of the results. Each of the implemented methodologies is judged against the benchmark stars to define weights in three different regions of the parameter space. The final recommended results are the weighted medians of those from the individual methods. Results. The recommended results successfully reproduce the atmospheric parameters of the benchmark stars and the expected Teff-log  g relation of the calibrating clusters. Atmospheric parameters and abundances have been determined for 1301 FGK-type stars observed with UVES. The median of the method-to-method dispersion of the atmospheric parameters is 55 K for Teff, 0.13 dex for log  g and 0.07 dex for [Fe/H]. Systematic biases are estimated to be between 50−100 K for Teff, 0.10−0.25 dex for log  g and 0.05−0.10 dex for [Fe/H]. Abundances for 24 elements were derived: C, N, O, Na, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Mo, Ba, Nd, and Eu. The typical method-to-method dispersion of the abundances varies between 0.10 and 0.20 dex. Conclusions. The Gaia-ESO sample of high-resolution spectra of FGK-type stars will be among the largest of its kind analyzed in a homogeneous way. The extensive list of elemental abundances derived in these stars will enable significant advances in the areas of stellar evolution and Milky Way formation and evolution.

Estudio de fiabilidad y viabilidad de la Web 2.0 y la Web semántica para enriquecer lexicones en el dominio farmacológico

Los actuales sistemas de Reconocimiento de Entidades en el dominio farmacológico, necesarios como apoyo para el personal sanitario en el proceso de prescripción de un tratamiento farmacológico, sufren limitaciones relacionadas con la falta de cobertura de las bases de datos oficiales. Parece por tanto necesario analizar la fiabilidad de los recursos actuales existentes, tanto en la Web Semántica como en la Web 2.0, y determinar si es o no viable utilizar dichos recursos como fuentes de información complementarias que permitan generar y/o enriquecer lexicones empleados por sistemas de Reconocimiento de Entidades. Por ello, en este trabajo se analizan las principales fuentes de información relativas al dominio farmacológico disponibles en Internet. Este análisis permite concluir que existe información fiable y que dicha información permitiría enriquecer los lexicones existentes con sinónimos y otras variaciones léxicas o incluso con información histórica no recogida ni mantenida en las bases de datos oficiales.

A review on political analysis and social media

En los países democráticos, conocer la intención de voto de los ciudadanos y las valoraciones de los principales partidos y líderes políticos es de gran interés tanto para los propios partidos como para los medios de comunicación y el público en general. Para ello se han utilizado tradicionalmente costosas encuestas personales. El auge de las redes sociales, principalmente Twitter, permite pensar en ellas como una alternativa barata a las encuestas. En este trabajo, revisamos la bibliografía científica más relevante en este ámbito, poniendo especial énfasis en el caso español.

Análisis de la página web del canal Antena 3: oferta de contenidos, interactividad y redes sociales

Antena 3 es una de las cadenas de televisión más importantes en España y es la cadena española pionera en la apuesta por las nuevas tecnologías. Por ello, es de interés analizar su web para determinar su oferta de contenidos y las herramientas utilizadas para interactuar con sus públicos identificando, además, el uso que hace de las redes sociales. Con este objetivo, se realiza un análisis cualitativo del sitio web centrado en analizar veintiuna variables focalizadas en los campos descritos (contenidos, interactividad y redes sociales). Estas han sido establecidas a partir de la combinación de parámetros formulados en la propuesta de análisis de webs de televisión de Codina, Aubia y Sánchez (2008) y los indicadores de interacción descritos por Rodríguez-Martínez, Codina y Pedraza-Jiménez (2012). Gracias a ellas, es posible determinar la carencia de Antena3 en la gestión de sus perfiles sociales y en la interactividad generada mediante la comunidad virtual que conforma a través de su espacio web. No obstante, estas variables también justifican cómo, a pesar de esto, antena3.com es un espacio en el que la cadena pone a disposición del usuario una completa y bien organizada oferta de contenidos apostando así, por la difusión de estos a través de Internet.

Estrategias de comunicación interpersonal y pública en los movimientos sociales. Transformaciones de las redes informales y de los repertorios en la era de la Web social

El objetivo de este trabajo es contribuir al estudio del campo de la comunicación en movimientos sociales de la era de la Web social. La investigación plantea como hipótesis que han aparecido nuevas estrategias comunicativas en los “cibermovimientos sociales” para influir en el cambio social. Propone una clasificación en la que se distinguen transformaciones en el ámbito de la comunicación interpersonal (las redes informales) y la comunicación pública (los repertorios de acción colectiva). Los resultados se apoyan en una exhaustiva revisión bibliográfica y en la observación directa virtual, especialmente de los movimientos sociales de indignación global de 2011.