Relationship between piezometric level and ground deformations measured by means of DInSAR in the Vega Media of the Segura River (Spain)

Differential SAR Interferometry (DInSAR) is a remote sensing method with the well demonstrated ability to monitor geological hazards like earthquakes, landslides and subsidence. Among all these hazards, subsidence involves the settlement of the ground surface affecting wide areas. Frequently, subsidence is induced by overexploitation of aquifers and constitutes a common problem that affects developed societies. The excessive pumping of underground water decreases the piezometric level in the subsoil and, as a consequence, increases the effective stresses with depth causing a consolidation of the soil column. This consolidation originates a settlement of ground surface that must be withstood by civil structures built on these areas. In this paper we make use of an advanced DInSAR approach - the Coherent Pixels Technique (CPT) [1] - to monitor subsidence induced by aquifer overexploitation in the Vega Media of the Segura River (SE Spain) from 1993 to the present. 28 ERS-1/2 scenes covering a time interval of about 10 years were used to study this phenomenon. The deformation map retrieved with CPT technique shows settlements of up to 80 mm at some points of the studied zone. These values agree with data obtained by means of borehole extensometers, but not with the distribution of damaged buildings, well points and basements, because the occurrence of damages also depends on the structural quality of the buildings and their foundations. The most interesting relationship observed is the one existing between piezometric changes, settlement evolution and local geology. Three main patterns of ground surface and piezometric level behaviour have been distinguished for the study zone during this period: 1) areas where deformation occurs while ground conditions remain altered (recent deformable sediments), 2) areas with no deformation (old and non-deformable materials), and 3) areas where ground deformation mimics piezometric level changes (expansive soils). The temporal relationship between deformation patterns and soil characteristics has been analysed in this work, showing a delay between them. Moreover, this technique has allowed the measurement of ground subsidence for a period (1993-1995) where no instrument information was available.

Methodology based on registration techniques for representing subjects and their deformations acquired from general purpose 3D sensors

In this thesis a methodology for representing 3D subjects and their deformations in adverse situations is studied. The study is focused in providing methods based on registration techniques to improve the data in situations where the sensor is working in the limit of its sensitivity. In order to do this, it is proposed two methods to overcome the problems which can difficult the process in these conditions. First a rigid registration based on model registration is presented, where the model of 3D planar markers is used. This model is estimated using a proposed method which improves its quality by taking into account prior knowledge of the marker. To study the deformations, it is proposed a framework to combine multiple spaces in a non-rigid registration technique. This proposal improves the quality of the alignment with a more robust matching process that makes use of all available input data. Moreover, this framework allows the registration of multiple spaces simultaneously providing a more general technique. Concretely, it is instantiated using colour and location in the matching process for 3D location registration.

3D Visual Data-Driven Spatiotemporal Deformations for Non-Rigid Object Grasping Using Robot Hands

Sensing techniques are important for solving problems of uncertainty inherent to intelligent grasping tasks. The main goal here is to present a visual sensing system based on range imaging technology for robot manipulation of non-rigid objects. Our proposal provides a suitable visual perception system of complex grasping tasks to support a robot controller when other sensor systems, such as tactile and force, are not able to obtain useful data relevant to the grasping manipulation task. In particular, a new visual approach based on RGBD data was implemented to help a robot controller carry out intelligent manipulation tasks with flexible objects. The proposed method supervises the interaction between the grasped object and the robot hand in order to avoid poor contact between the fingertips and an object when there is neither force nor pressure data. This new approach is also used to measure changes to the shape of an object’s surfaces and so allows us to find deformations caused by inappropriate pressure being applied by the hand’s fingers. Test was carried out for grasping tasks involving several flexible household objects with a multi-fingered robot hand working in real time. Our approach generates pulses from the deformation detection method and sends an event message to the robot controller when surface deformation is detected. In comparison with other methods, the obtained results reveal that our visual pipeline does not use deformations models of objects and materials, as well as the approach works well both planar and 3D household objects in real time. In addition, our method does not depend on the pose of the robot hand because the location of the reference system is computed from a recognition process of a pattern located place at the robot forearm. The presented experiments demonstrate that the proposed method accomplishes a good monitoring of grasping task with several objects and different grasping configurations in indoor environments.

Seguimiento geométrico de terraplenes mediante líneas continuas de asiento en la Vega Baja del Segura, Alicante

La Vega Baja del Segura (Alicante) se caracteriza por la baja resistencia portante de los suelos y en consecuencia por las grandes deformaciones que sufren las construcciones que sobre ellos se levantan. La gran demanda turística de vías de comunicación con la costa sur de la provincia de Alicante ha obligado a construir diversas carreteras cuyos terraplenes alcanzan alturas superiores a los 8 m, así como deformaciones decimétricas y en algunos casos excepcionales de magnitud métrica. Las líneas continuas de asiento es una técnica innovadora que se lleva utilizando durante algunos años en la Vega Baja y que evita los laboriosos procedimientos de auscultación topográfica, sirviendo de instrumento de seguimiento geométrico de los mismos y permitiendo la representación gráfica del terraplén original y de su deformada. Esta técnica permite además a la Administración establecer los volúmenes de tierra necesarios para compensar el hundimiento de los terraplenes de forma exacta. Con el presente trabajo se pretende dar a conocer la metodología de las líneas continuas de asientos, así como mostrar algún ejemplo real de aplicación de las mismas, mostrando la evolución geométrica del terraplén en el tiempo y mostrando el procedimiento de cálculo de volúmenes.

Subsidencia del terreno

La subsidencia del terreno es un riesgo natural que afecta a amplias zonas del territorio causando importantes daños económicos y una gran alarma social. La subsidencia del terreno puede deberse a numerosas causas como la disolución de materiales profundos, la construcción de obras subterráneas o de galerías mineras, la erosión del terreno en profundidad, el flujo lateral del suelo, la compactación de los materiales que constituyen el terreno o la actividad tectónica. Todas estas causas se manifiestan en la superficie del terreno mediante deformaciones verticales que pueden variar desde pocos milímetros hasta varios metros durante periodos que varían desde minutos hasta años.

Técnicas de Ingeniería Cartográfica empleadas en el estudio de subsidencia y movimientos de ladera: principales características y análisis comparativo

Los movimientos de ladera y los procesos de subsidencia son fenómenos que afectan a la superficie terrestre produciendo modificaciones importantes sobre ella. Los cambios que originan se manifiestan como deformaciones superficiales cuyo estudio resulta de gran importancia en el campo de la Ingeniería Geología y la Geotecnia. En el presente trabajo se lleva a cabo una descripción de las técnicas de Ingeniería Cartográfica (técnicas topográficas, geodésicas, fotogramétricas y de teledetección) empleadas para cuantificar las deformaciones causadas por movimientos de ladera y subsidencia terrestre, estableciendo sus principales características y llevando a cabo un análisis comparativo de las mismas.

Esquema de anotación para categorización de citas en bibliografía científica

El análisis de citas bibliográficas que usa variaciones de métodos de conteo provoca deformaciones en la evaluación del impacto. Para enriquecer el cálculo de los factores de impacto se necesita entender el tipo de influencia de los aportes de un investigador sobre el autor que los menciona. Para ello, se requiere realizar análisis de contenido del contexto de las citas que permita obtener su función, polaridad e influencia. El presente artículo trata sobre la definición de un esquema de anotación tendiente a la creación de un corpus de acceso público que sea la base de trabajo colaborativo en este campo, con miras al desarrollo de sistemas que permitan llevar adelante tareas de análisis de contenido con el objetivo planteado.

Using Sewage-Sludge Ash as Filler in Bituminous Mixes

In this study, the behavior of bituminous mixes made with sewage sludge ash (SSA) as mineral filler was investigated. The behavior of these mixes was evaluated with the Cantabro, indirect tensile strength, water sensitivity, permanent deformation, and resilient modulus tests. The results show that SSA waste may be used in bituminous mixes at approximately 2–3% weight percent, maintaining adequate levels of cohesion and adhesion in the mixtures, which is comparable to mixtures made with active fillers such as hydrated lime and cement. Moreover, its use does not increase permanent deformations. However, the resilient modulus test gave slightly lower results for mixes made with SSA than for mixtures made with other fillers. It may be concluded that SSA waste may be used as a filler for bituminous mixes with better results than for mixes made with limestone fillers and with similar results for mixes made with other fillers such as hydrated lime and cement.

Regional subsidence modelling in Murcia city (SE Spain) using 1-D vertical finite element analysis and 2-D interpolation of ground surface displacements

Subsidence is a hazard that may have natural or anthropogenic origin causing important economic losses. The area of Murcia city (SE Spain) has been affected by subsidence due to groundwater overexploitation since the year 1992. The main observed historical piezometric level declines occurred in the periods 1982–1984, 1992–1995 and 2004–2008 and showed a close correlation with the temporal evolution of ground displacements. Since 2008, the pressure recovery in the aquifer has led to an uplift of the ground surface that has been detected by the extensometers. In the present work an elastic hydro-mechanical finite element code has been used to compute the subsidence time series for 24 geotechnical boreholes, prescribing the measured groundwater table evolution. The achieved results have been compared with the displacements estimated through an advanced DInSAR technique and measured by the extensometers. These spatio-temporal comparisons have showed that, in spite of the limited geomechanical data available, the model has turned out to satisfactorily reproduce the subsidence phenomenon affecting Murcia City. The model will allow the prediction of future induced deformations and the consequences of any piezometric level variation in the study area.

Targetless image-based method for measuring displacements and strains on concrete surfaces with a consumer camera

Measurement of concrete strain through non-invasive methods is of great importance in civil engineering and structural analysis. Traditional methods use laser speckle and high quality cameras that may result too expensive for many applications. Here we present a method for measuring concrete deformations with a standard reflex camera and image processing for tracking objects in the concretes surface. Two different approaches are presented here. In the first one, on-purpose objects are drawn on the surface, while on the second one we track small defects on the surface due to air bubbles in the hardening process. The method has been tested on a concrete sample under several loading/unloading cycles. A stop-motion sequence of the process has been captured and analyzed. Results have been successfully compared with the values given by a strain gauge. Accuracy of our methods in tracking objects is below 8 μm, in the order of more expensive commercial devices.