Washcoated Pd/Al2O3 monoliths for the liquid phase hydrodechlorination of dioxins

The catalytic activity and durability of 2 wt.% Pd/Al2O3 in powder and washcoated on cordierite monoliths were examined for the liquid phase hydrodechlorination (LPHDC) of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), also known as dioxins. NaOH was employed as a neutralizing agent, and 2-propanol was used as a hydrogen donor and a solvent. Fresh and spent powder and monolith samples were characterized by elemental analysis, surface area, hydrogen chemisorption, scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX), and transmission electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (TEM/EDX). Three reactor configurations were compared including the slurry and monolith batch reactors as well as the bubble loop column resulting in 100, 70, and 72% sample toxicity reduction, respectively, after 5 h of reaction. However, the slurry and monolith batch reactors lead to catalyst sample loss via a filtration process (slurry) and washcoat erosion (monolith batch), as well as rapid deactivation of the powder catalyst samples. The monolith employed in the bubble loop column remained stable and active after four reaction runs. Three preemptive regeneration methods were evaluated on spent monolith catalyst including 2-propanol washing, oxidation/reduction, and reduction. All three procedures reactivated the spent catalyst samples, but the combustion methods proved to be more efficient at eliminating the more stable poisons.

La cobertura periodística de la obesidad en la prensa española (2000-2005)

Antecedentes: la obesidad es un problema de salud pública en España. Los medios de comunicación son una herramienta útil para la salud pública. Objetivo: explorar el tratamiento periodístico de la obesidad en la prensa escrita española durante 2000-2005, frecuencia de aparición, fuentes de información y enfoques, en relación con el contexto social. Materiales y métodos: análisis de contenido cuantitativo de 690 noticias publicadas en El País, El Mundo y ABC. Cálculo de frecuencias y odds ratio (OR) con intervalos de confianza (IC) del 95% y significación estadística. Resultados: incrementaron las noticias de 2000 (n=25) a 2005 (n=185). Se centraron en denuncias (36,4%) y magnitud del problema (15,7%), en detrimento de aquellas sobre iniciativas-estrategias políticas (3,8%). Destacan los hombres como fuentes informativas principales (75,5%) y las mujeres como primeras firmantes de las noticias (56,1%). Los hombres del ámbito médico-sanitario (OR=1,98;IC95%,1,11-3,57) y las mujeres del ámbito político (OR=2,54;IC95%1,46-4,42) tienen mayor probabilidad de ser la fuente informativa principal. Conclusiones: la cobertura periodística de la obesidad durante 2000-2005 aumentó, coincidiendo con el desarrollo de respuestas políticas en torno al tema. Principalmente, se denuncia el problema. Destaca la escasa cobertura periodística de iniciativas-estrategias políticas, sugiriendo incipiente interacción entre la agenda política y mediática.

Mortalidad evitable y políticas en salud: Colombia, 1985-2002

Introducción: La confianza en la capacidad de evitar algunas muertes o diferir su aparición es el fundamento de toda política de salud, uno de cuyos principales resultados debe ser reducir las muertes evitables, y controlar las condiciones que aumentan el riesgo de morir. Objetivos: Establecer variaciones en la tendencia de la mortalidad evitable (ME) registrada en Colombia entre 1985 y 2002, como indicadoras del impacto efectivo que las reformas en la política sanitaria pudieran haber tenido sobre sus determinantes. Métodos: Estudio de la ME con base en los registros oficiales de defunción y en las proyecciones censales de Colombia entre 1985-2002. Para determinar la evitabilidad, se aplicó un inventario de causas de ME (ICME) ajustado a las condiciones epidemiológicas del país durante el período que se analiza. Resultados: De las muertes registradas, 75.3% se clasificaron como evitables. Se identificaron siete patrones de tendencia que reflejan, de manera particular, los efectos de las políticas públicas sobre los determinantes de la mortalidad. Conclusiones: En general, la ME viene disminuyendo en Colombia desde 1985 en la población general y entre los hombres, sin variaciones significativas durante el período. Las variaciones en la tendencia de las tasas ajustadas de varios grupos de causas hacen pensar en un deterioro en el control de sus determinantes, especialmente desde 1990. Los cambios aplicados en las políticas públicas durante los últimos años no se reflejaron en un mejor control de las muertes evitables, aunque el gasto en salud aumentó de modo muy notable en el país.

Simultaneous implementation of the Bachelor, Masters and PhD degrees in nursing in the Universidad Jaume I. Castellón de la Plana, Spain

We present an experience in Nursing Education, accredited and implemented under the Spanish University System Reform in a Public University (Jaume I, Castellón) which had no previous nursing studies. The academics offered included all three educational levels (Bachelor, Master's and Doctorate), with an integrated theoretical-practical-clinical teaching methodology for the Bachelor Degree, competence acquisition in research in the Master's degree, and a doctorate formed by lines of research in the field of Nursing. Studies are accredited by the National Agency for Quality Assessment, which were authorized by the Spanish Ministry of Education and implanted between 2009 and 2011.

Level of involvement of clinical nurses in the evaluation of competence of nursing students

Objective. To determine the level of involvement of clinical nurses accredited by the Universitat Jaume I (Spain) as mentors of practice (Reference Nurses) in the evaluation of competence of nursing students. Methodolgy. Cross-sectional study, in which the “Clinical Practice Assessment Manual” (CPAM) reported by reference 41 nurses (n=55) were analyzed. Four quality criteria for completion were established: with information at least 80% of the required data, the presence of the signature and final grade in the right place. Verification of learning activities was also conducted. Data collection was performed concurrently reference for nurses and teachers of the subjects in the formative evaluations of clinical clerkship period in the matter “Nursing Care in Healthcare Processes “, from March to June 2013. Results. 63% of CPAM were completed correctly, without reaching the quality threshold established (80%). The absence of the signature is the main criteria of incorrect completion (21%). Nine learning activities do not meet the quality threshold set (80%) (p < 0.05). There are significant differences according to clinical units p < 0.05. From the 30 learning activities evaluated in the CPAM, it can be stated that nine of them do not reach the verification threshold established (80%), therefore it cannot be assumed that these activities had been completed by students and evaluated by the RefN throughout the clinical clerkship period. Conclusion. The level of involvement of Reference Nurse cannot be considered adequate, although strategies to encourage involvement through collaboration and training must be developed.

La labor científica de fray Jerónimo de Alcalá, OFM: una etnografía misionera del siglo XVI

En el presente artículo revisamos el trabajo etnográfico que un misionero franciscano del siglo XVI, fray Jerónimo de Alcalá, realizó por medio de la traducción. Su principal obra, la Relación de Michoacán, constituye uno de los más valiosos manuscritos coloniales de toda América. Para su elaboración recopiló, tradujo y fijó en el papel la tradición oral purépecha, rescatando del olvido el testimonio histórico y antropológico de la riqueza cultural michoacana. El rigor científico de su trabajo de campo, que acometió humildemente como “fiel intérprete” y con mera intención misional, ha hecho de su obra una fuente documental imprescindible.

Platinum–tin/carbon catalysts for ethanol oxidation: Influence of Sn content on the electroactivity and structural characteristics

Carbon-supported Pt–Sn catalysts commonly contain Pt–Sn alloy and/or Pt–Sn bimetallic systems (Sn oxides). Nevertheless, the origin of the promotion effect due to the presence of Sn in the Pt–Sn/C catalyst towards ethanol oxidation in acid media is still under debate and some contradictions. Herein, a series of Ptx–Sny/C catalysts with different atomic ratios are synthesized by a deposition process using formic acid as the reducing agent. Catalysts structure and chemical compositions are investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and their relationship with catalytic behavior towards ethanol electro-oxidation was established. Geometric structural changes are producing by highest Sn content (Pt1–Sn1/C) promoted the interaction of Pt and Sn forming a solid solution of Pt–Sn alloy phase, whereas, the intermediate and lowest Sn content (Pt2–Sn1/C and Pt3–Sn1/C, respectively) promoted the electronic structure modifications of Pt by Sn addition without the formation of a solid solution. The amount of Sn added affects the physical and chemical characteristics of the bimetallic catalysts as well as reducing the amount of Pt in the catalyst composition and maintaining the electrocatalytic activities at the anode. However, the influence of the Sn oxidation state in Pt–Sn/C catalysts surfaces and the alloy formation between Pt and Sn as well as with the atomic ratio on their catalytic activity towards ethanol oxidation appears minimal. Similar methodologies applied for synthesis of Ptx–Sny/C catalysts with a small change show differences with the results obtained, thus highlighting the importance of the conditions of the preparation method.