Estrategias para identificar oclusiones y planificación monocular para una mejora de la percepción visual de la escena

Esta Tesis doctoral está orientada al estudio de estrategias y técnicas para el tratamiento de oclusiones. Las oclusiones suponen uno de los principales problemas en la percepción de una escena mediante visión por computador. Las condiciones de luz, los puntos de vista con los que se captura información de la escena, las posiciones y orientaciones de los objetos presentes en la escena son algunas de las causas que provocan que los objetos puedan quedar ocluidos parcialmente. Las investigaciones expuestas en esta Tesis se pueden agrupar en función de su objetivo en dos grupos: técnicas cuya finalidad es detectar la presencia de oclusiones y estrategias que permiten mejorar la percepción de un sistema de visión por computador, aun en el caso de la presencia de oclusiones. En primer lugar, se han desarrollado una serie de técnicas orientadas a la detección de oclusiones a partir de procesos de extracción de características y de segmentación color en imágenes. Estas técnicas permiten definir qué regiones en la imagen son susceptibles de considerarse zonas de oclusión, debido a una mala percepción de la escena, como consecuencia de observarla con un mal punto de vista. Como aplicación de estas técnicas se han desarrollado algoritmos basados en la segmentación color de la imagen y en la detección de discontinuidades mediante luz estructurada. Estos algoritmos se caracterizan por no incluir conocimiento previo de la escena. En segundo lugar, se han presentado una serie de estrategias que permiten corregir y/o modificar el punto de vista de la cámara con la que se observa la escena. De esta manera, las oclusiones identificadas, mediante los métodos expuestos en la primera parte de la Tesis, y que generalmente son debidas a una mala localización de la cámara pueden ser eliminadas o atenuadas cambiando el punto de vista con el que se produce la observación. En esta misma línea se presentan dos estrategias para mejorar la posición y orientación espacial de la cámara cuando ésta se emplea para la captura de imágenes en procesos de reconocimiento. La primera de ellas se basa en la retroproyección de características obtenidas de una imagen real, a partir de una posición cualquiera, en imágenes virtuales correspondientes a las posibles posiciones que puede adoptar la cámara. Este algoritmo lleva a cabo la evaluación de un mapa de distancias entre estas características buscando en todo momento, maximizar estas distancias para garantizar un mejor punto de vista. La ventaja radica en que en ningún caso se hace necesario mover la cámara para determinar una nueva posición que mejore la percepción de la escena. La segunda de estas estrategias, busca corregir la posición de la cámara buscando la ortogonalidad. En este caso, se ha partido de la hipótesis inicial de que la mayor superficie visible siempre se suele conseguir situando la cámara ortogonalmente al plano en el que se sitúa el objeto.

Is there any evidence for the validity of diagnostic criteria used for accommodative and nonstrabismic binocular dysfunctions?

Purpose: To analyze the diagnostic criteria used in the scientific literature published in the past 25 years for accommodative and nonstrabismic binocular dysfunctions and to explore if the epidemiological analysis of diagnostic validity has been used to propose which clinical criteria should be used for diagnostic purposes. Methods: We carried out a systematic review of papers on accommodative and non-strabic binocular disorders published from 1986 to 2012 analysing the MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO and FRANCIS databases. We admitted original articles about diagnosis of these anomalies in any population. We identified 839 articles and 12 studies were included. The quality of included articles was assessed using the QUADAS-2 tool. Results: The review shows a wide range of clinical signs and cut-off points between authors. Only 3 studies (regarding accommodative anomalies) assessed diagnostic accuracy of clinical signs. Their results suggest using the accommodative amplitude and monocular accommodative facility for diagnosing accommodative insufficiency and a high positive relative accommodation for accommodative excess. The remaining 9 articles did not analyze diagnostic accuracy, assessing a diagnosis with the criteria the authors considered. We also found differences between studies in the way of considering patients’ symptomatology. 3 studies of 12 analyzed, performed a validation of a symptom survey used for convergence insufficiency. Conclusions: Scientific literature reveals differences between authors according to diagnostic criteria for accommodative and nonstrabismic binocular dysfunctions. Diagnostic accuracy studies show that there is only certain evidence for accommodative conditions. For binocular anomalies there is only evidence about a validated questionnaire for convergence insufficiency with no data of diagnostic accuracy.

Comparative analysis of the visual performance and aberrometric outcomes with a new hybrid and two silicone hydrogel multifocal contact lenses: a pilot study

Background: The aim was to evaluate the visual performance achieved with a new multifocal hybrid contact lens and to compare it with that obtained with two other currently available multifocal soft contact lenses. Methods: This pilot prospective comparative study comprised a total of 16 presbyopic eyes of eight patients ranging in age from 43 to 58 years. All patients were fitted with three different models of multifocal contact lens: Duette multifocal (SynergEyes), Air Optix AQUA multifocal (Alcon) and Biofinity multifocal (CooperVision). Fittings were performed randomly in each patient according to a random number sequence, with a wash-out period between fittings of seven days. At two weeks post-fitting, visual, photopic contrast sensitivity and ocular aberrometry were evaluated. Results: No statistically significant differences were found in distance and near visual acuity achieved with the three different types of multifocal contact lens (p ≥ 0.05). Likewise, no significant differences between lenses were found in the monocular and binocular defocus curve (p ≥ 0.10). Concerning contrast sensitivity, better monocular contrast sensitivities for 6, 12 and 18 cycles per degree were found with the Duette and Air Optix multifocal compared to Biofinity (p = 0.02). Binocularly, differences between lenses were not significant (p ≥ 0.27). Furthermore, trefoil aberration was significantly higher with Biofinity multifocal (p < 0.01) and Air Optix (p = 0.01) multifocal compared to Duette. Conclusions: The Duette multifocal hybrid contact lens seems to provide similar visual quality outcomes in presbyopic patients with low corneal astigmatism, when compared with other soft multifocal contact lenses. This preliminary result should be confirmed in studies with larger samples.

Fixation pattern analysis with microperimetry in nystagmus patients

Objective: To assess the usefulness of microperimetry (MP) as an additional objective method for characterizing the fixation pattern in nystagmus. Design: Prospective study. Participants: Fifteen eyes of 8 subjects (age, 12–80 years) with nystagmus from the Lluís Alcanyís Foundation (University of Valencia, Spain) were included. Methods: All patients had a comprehensive ophthalmologic examination including a microperimetric examination (MAIA, CenterVue, Padova, Italy). The following microperimetric parameters were evaluated: average threshold (AT), macular integrity index (MI), fixating points within a circle of 1° (P1) and 2° of radius (P2), bivariate contour ellipse area (BCEA) considering 63% and 95% of fixating points, and horizontal and vertical axes of that ellipse. Results: In monocular conditions, 6 eyes showed a fixation classified as stable, 6 eyes showed a relatively unstable fixation, and 3 eyes showed an unstable fixation. Statistically significant differences were found between the horizontal and vertical components of movement (p = 0.001), as well as in their ranges (p < 0.001). Intereye comparison showed differences between eyes in some subjects, but only statistically significant differences were found in the fixation coordinates X and Y (p < 0.001). No significant intereye differences were found between microperimetric parameters. Between monocular and binocular conditions, statistically significant differences in the X and Y coordinates were found in all eyes (p < 0.02) except one. No significant differences were found between MP parameters for monocular or binocular conditions. Strong correlations of corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) with AT (r = 0.812, p = 0.014), MI (r = –0.812, p = 0.014), P1 (r = 0.729, p = 0.002), horizontal diameter of BCEA (r = –0.700, p = 0.004), and X range (r = –0.722, p = 0.005) were found. Conclusions: MP seems to be a useful technology for the characterization of the fixation pattern in nystagmus, which seems to be related to the level of visual acuity achieved by the patient.