Authorship Attribution with Support Vector Machines

In this paper we explore the use of text-mining methods for the identification of the author of a text. We apply the support vector machine (SVM) to this problem, as it is able to cope with half a million of inputs it requires no feature selection and can process the frequency vector of all words of a text. We performed a number of experiments with texts from a German newspaper. With nearly perfect reliability the SVM was able to reject other authors and detected the target author in 60–80% of the cases. In a second experiment, we ignored nouns, verbs and adjectives and replaced them by grammatical tags and bigrams. This resulted in slightly reduced performance. Author detection with SVMs on full word forms was remarkably robust even if the author wrote about different topics.

Radio leaks: Presenting and contesting leaks in radio news broadcasts

his paper analyzes the discursive construction and contestation of ‘leaked’ stories in news broadcast programmes. Drawing on a sample of BBC Radio 4 news programmes recorded between May and June 2000, we analyze four items of news presented as leaks about upcoming events. We suggest that these examples highlight the leaking of information as a valuable newsworthy commodity in that it not only allows news organizations to report what is going to be news before it happens but also enables speculative discourse as to the meaning of the event yet to happen. However, in order for a story to be accepted as a leak it must be seen to fulfil a number of criteria. With this in mind, we identify four features accompanying the introduction of the news items as leaks in the process of authentification: secrecy, authorship/ownership and future orientation. The article then discusses how these features are used when contesting the status of a news story as a leak, and how temporal play contributes to downgrading the content of the leak and, hence, its relevance, immediacy and newsworthiness.

S100A8 chemotactic protein is abundantly increased, but only a minor contributor to LPS-induced, steroid resistant neutrophilic lung inflammation in vivo

Neutrophilic lung inflammation is an essential component of host defense against diverse eukaryotic and prokaryotic pathogens, but in chronic inflammatory lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD), severe asthma, cystic fibrosis, and bronchiolitis, it may damage the host. Glucocorticosteroids are widely used in these conditions and in their infectious exacerbations; however, the clinical efficacy of steroids is disputed. In this study, we used a proteomic approach to identify molecules contributing to neutrophilic inflammation induced by transnasal administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that were also resistant to the potent glucocorticosteroid dexamethasone (Dex). We confirmed that Dex was biologically active at both the transcript (suppression of GM-CSF and TNFalpha transcripts) and protein levels (induction of lipocortin) and used 2D-PAGE/MALDI-TOF to generate global expression profiles, identifying six LPS-induced proteins that were Dex resistant. Of these, S100A8, a candidate neutrophil chemotactic factor, was profiled in detail. Steroid refractory S100A8 expression was highly abundant, transcriptionally regulated, secreted into lung lavage fluid and immunohistochemically localized to tissue infiltrating neutrophils. However, in marked contrast to other vascular beds, neutralizing antibodies to S100A8 had only a weak anti-neutrophil recruitment effect and antibodies against the related S100A9 were ineffective. These data highlight the need for extensive in vivo profiling of proteomically identified candidate molecules and demonstrates that S100A8, despite its abundance, resistance to steroids and known chemotactic activity, is unlikely to be an important determinant of LPS-induced neutrophilic lung inflammation in vivo.

Kierkegaard as a paradoxical therapist

The essential problem that Soren Kierkegaard is concerned with in his authorship is that of becoming a Christian. It is argued that Kierkegaard's authorial strategy reflects the principles of paradoxical psychotherapy. These principles indicate that both the psychological problem and its solution involve an ironic process. In the Kierkegaardian frame of reference, the situation of the immature self is paradoxical, and so is the pathway to full selfhood. The philistine and the aesthete attempt to secure autonomy and personal freedom through an external orientation. But the way to the self is inwards. Consequently, these personalities get caught in an ironic process. The further they push outwards, the further they move away from the locus of genuine selfhood and freedom. This immature form of life can only lead to a loss of self and the associated experience of despair. Paradoxically, Kierkegaard advocates the choice of despair as the way to find oneself in God.

The graying of R&D workgroups: The effects of age diversity on developing publicly usable knowledge

Does the graying of scientific research teams matter? This study addresses how workgroup processes and external environmental factors contribute and inhibit the effect of age diversity in R&D project groups on the production of innovative publicly usable knowledge outcomes in the form of publication outputs. We examined the relationships between group age diversity (age cohort diversity, mean age, age dispersion), R&D workgroup member self-ratings of workgroup processes, their supervisor�s assessment of the external environmental factors the project groups faced, and their supervisor�s ratings of group performance, the number of scientific publicly available publications produced by the group and the use of multiple authorships on publications. Usable data was obtained from 32 R&D workgroups of a large Government Agricultural Research and Development Agency. Consistent with the literature, workgroup processes and external environmental factors were found to directly effect innovation outcomes. Contrary to expectation, but consistent with Social Identity theory, workgroup age diversity generally negatively impacted upon innovation outcomes. An exception was where multiple authorship on publications for project groups increased as the dispersion of age within groups increased. Importantly, workgroups that were both more age homogeneous and perceived to have optimally functioning work processes produced more R&D innovation outcomes than other groups. Generally, these differences appear to be related to the greater division of labor practices (and less multi-tasking) employed by the older and more homogeneous workgroups. Implications for R&D workgroup resource theory and practices are discussed.