Impact de la participation à une expédition thérapeutique sur l'estime de soi et la détresse psychologique d'adolescents atteints de cancer

Au Canada, la Fondation Sur la pointe des pieds, un organisme québécois situé à Chicoutimi, offre des expéditions thérapeutiques aux adolescents atteints de cancer depuis 1996 en se donnant comme mission de favoriser le bien-être des participants et de changer l’image de la maladie (Fondation Sur la pointe des pieds, 2015a, 2015b). La présente thèse vise à évaluer l’impact de la participation à une expédition thérapeutique offerte par la Fondation Sur la pointe des pieds sur l’estime de soi et la détresse psychologique d’adolescents atteints de cancer. L’échantillon retenu est composé de 20 participants (10 filles et 10 garçons) âgés entre 14 et 20 ans (M = 16,65; ÉT = 1,79) provenant de trois expéditions différentes. Deux questionnaires sont utilisés, dans leurs versions anglaise ou française : le Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale (RSE) (Rosenberg, 1965) ou l’Échelle d’estime de soi de Rosenberg (EES) (Vallières & Vallerand, 1990) et la version brève du Psychiatric Symptom Index (PSI) (Ilfeld, 1976) ou l’Indice de détresse psychologique – Enquête Santé Québec (IDPSQ) (Préville, Boyer, Potvin, Perreault, & Légaré, 1992). Ils sont administrés à trois moments distincts, c’est-à-dire durant les deux semaines précédant l’expédition, les deux semaines suivant l’expédition et quatre mois après l’expédition. Les résultats d’analyses paramétriques et non paramétriques pour mesures répétées révèlent une augmentation significative du niveau d’estime de soi des adolescents à la suite de leur participation à une expédition thérapeutique ainsi qu’un maintien des gains quatre mois plus tard. Aucun changement significatif n’est obtenu relativement à la détresse psychologique. Des pistes explicatives en lien avec la modalité d’intervention groupale, la programmation d’aventure, les enjeux développementaux de l’adolescence, les impacts du cancer et d’autres recherches réalisées auprès de la Fondation Sur la pointe des pieds sont proposées, de même que des pistes explicatives en lien avec la méthode de recherche utilisée. L’impact positif sur le plan de l’estime de soi obtenu dans cette thèse appuie la portée scientifique des expéditions thérapeutiques offertes par la Fondation Sur la pointe des pieds.

The Impact of a Simulated Clinical Experience on CEGEP Nursing Students’ Perceptions of Self-Efficacy and Achievement

Abstract : Providing high-quality clinical experiences to prepare students for the complexities of the current health-care system has become a challenge for nurse educators. Additionally, there are concerns that the current model of clinical practice is suboptimal. Consequently, nursing programs have explored the partial replacement of traditional in-hospital clinical experiences with a simulated clinical experience. Despite research demonstrating numerous benefits to students following participation in simulation activities, insufficient research conducted within Québec exists to convince the governing bodies (Ordre des infirmières et des infirmiers du Québec, OIIQ; Ministère de L’Éducation supérieur, de la Recherche, de la Science et de la Technologie) to fully embrace simulation as part of nurse training. The purpose of this study was to examine the use of a simulated clinical experience (SCE) as a viable, partial pedagogical substitute for traditional clinical experience by examining the effects of a SCE on CEGEP nursing students’ perceptions of self-efficacy (confidence), and their ability to achieve course objectives. The findings will contribute new information to the current body of research in simulation. The specific case of obstetrical practice was examined. Based on two sections of the Nursing III-Health and Illness (180-30K-AB) course, the sample was comprised of 65 students (thirty-one students from section 0001 and thirty-four students from section 0002) whose mean age was 24.8 years. With two sections of the course available, the opportunity for comparison was possible. A triangulation mixed method design was used. An adapted version of Ravert’s (2004) Nursing Skills for Evaluation tool was utilized to collect data regarding students’ perceptions of confidence related to the nursing skills required for care of mothers and their newborns. Students’ performance and achievement of course objectives was measured through an Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) consisting of three marked stations designed to test the theoretical and clinical aspects of course content. The OSCE was administered at the end of the semester following completion of the traditional clinical experience. Students’ qualitative comments on the post -test survey, along with journal entries served to support the quantitative scale evaluation. Two of the twelve days (15 hours) allocated for obstetrical clinical experience were replaced by a SCE (17%) over the course of the semester. Students participated in various simulation activities developed to address a range of cognitive, psychomotor and critical thinking skills. Scenarios incorporating the use of human patient simulators, and designed using the Jeffries Framework (2005), exposed students to the care of families and infants during the perinatal period to both reflect and build upon class and course content in achievement of course objectives and program competencies. Active participation in all simulation activities exposed students to Bandura’s four main sources of experience (mastery experiences, vicarious experiences, social persuasion, and physiologic/emotional responses) to enhance the development of students’ self-efficacy. Results of the pre-test and post-test summative scores revealed a statistically significant increase in student confidence in performing skills related to maternal and newborn care (p < .0001) following participation in the SCE. Confidence pre-test and post-test scores were not affected by the students’ section. Skills related to the care of the post-partum mother following vaginal or Caesarean section delivery showed the greatest change in confidence ratings. OSCE results showed a mean total class score (both sections) of 57.4 (70.0 %) with normal distribution. Mean scores were 56.5 (68.9%) for section 0001 and 58.3 (71.1%) for section 0002. Total scores were similar between sections (p =0.342) based on pairwise comparison. Analysis of OSCE scores as compared to students’ final course grade revealed similar distributions. Finally, qualitative analysis identified how students’ perceived the SCE. Students cited gains in knowledge, development of psychomotor skills and improved clinical judgement following participation in simulation activities. These were attributed to the « hands on » practice obtained from working in small groups, a safe and authentic learning environment and one in which students could make mistakes and correct errors as having the greatest impact on learning through simulation.