Une approche algorithmique des difficultés de raisonnement clinique : étude d’utilité, d’acceptabilité et de faisabilité

Résumé: INTRODUCTION Si les cliniciens enseignants détectent aisément les difficultés des apprenants, ils sont souvent peu outillés pour les étapes subséquentes, du diagnostic à la remédiation. Quoique des outils aient été développés pour les guider face aux difficultés de raisonnement clinique de leurs apprenants, ces outils peuvent être moins familiers des cliniciens et moins adaptés à des contextes de supervision ponctuelle et de soins aigus comme l’urgence. Nous avons donc développé une application algorithmique, à partir de la taxonomie d’Audétat et al. (2010), pour guider les cliniciens enseignants juste-à-temps face aux difficultés de raisonnement clinique. MÉTHODOLOGIE Une étude descriptive interprétative a été réalisée afin d’évaluer l’utilité, l’acceptabilité et la faisabilité d’utiliser cette application à l’urgence. Des entrevues semi-dirigées ont été menées auprès d’un échantillon de convenance de douze urgentistes, avant et après une période d’essai de l’outil de trois mois. RÉSULTATS L’application a été perçue comme particulièrement utile pour préciser les difficultés de raisonnement clinique des apprenants. Utiliser l’outil a été considérée acceptable et faisable en contexte d’urgence, en particulier grâce au format mobile. DISCUSSION Ces résultats suggèrent que l’outil peut être considéré utile pour faciliter l’identification des difficultés des apprenants, mais aussi pour offrir un soutien professoral accessible. Le format mobile et algorithmique semble avoir été un facteur facilitant, ce format étant déjà utilisé par les cliniciens pour consulter ponctuellement de l’information lors de la résolution de problèmes cliniques. CONCLUSION L’étude a démontré globalement une bonne utilité, acceptabilité et faisabilité de l’outil dans un contexte de supervision ponctuelle en soins aigus, ce qui soutient son utilisation par les cliniciens enseignants dans ce contexte. L’étude corrobore également l’intérêt d’un format mobile et algorithmique pour favoriser le transfert de connaissances en pédagogie médicale.

The Impact of a Simulated Clinical Experience on CEGEP Nursing Students’ Perceptions of Self-Efficacy and Achievement

Abstract : Providing high-quality clinical experiences to prepare students for the complexities of the current health-care system has become a challenge for nurse educators. Additionally, there are concerns that the current model of clinical practice is suboptimal. Consequently, nursing programs have explored the partial replacement of traditional in-hospital clinical experiences with a simulated clinical experience. Despite research demonstrating numerous benefits to students following participation in simulation activities, insufficient research conducted within Québec exists to convince the governing bodies (Ordre des infirmières et des infirmiers du Québec, OIIQ; Ministère de L’Éducation supérieur, de la Recherche, de la Science et de la Technologie) to fully embrace simulation as part of nurse training. The purpose of this study was to examine the use of a simulated clinical experience (SCE) as a viable, partial pedagogical substitute for traditional clinical experience by examining the effects of a SCE on CEGEP nursing students’ perceptions of self-efficacy (confidence), and their ability to achieve course objectives. The findings will contribute new information to the current body of research in simulation. The specific case of obstetrical practice was examined. Based on two sections of the Nursing III-Health and Illness (180-30K-AB) course, the sample was comprised of 65 students (thirty-one students from section 0001 and thirty-four students from section 0002) whose mean age was 24.8 years. With two sections of the course available, the opportunity for comparison was possible. A triangulation mixed method design was used. An adapted version of Ravert’s (2004) Nursing Skills for Evaluation tool was utilized to collect data regarding students’ perceptions of confidence related to the nursing skills required for care of mothers and their newborns. Students’ performance and achievement of course objectives was measured through an Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) consisting of three marked stations designed to test the theoretical and clinical aspects of course content. The OSCE was administered at the end of the semester following completion of the traditional clinical experience. Students’ qualitative comments on the post -test survey, along with journal entries served to support the quantitative scale evaluation. Two of the twelve days (15 hours) allocated for obstetrical clinical experience were replaced by a SCE (17%) over the course of the semester. Students participated in various simulation activities developed to address a range of cognitive, psychomotor and critical thinking skills. Scenarios incorporating the use of human patient simulators, and designed using the Jeffries Framework (2005), exposed students to the care of families and infants during the perinatal period to both reflect and build upon class and course content in achievement of course objectives and program competencies. Active participation in all simulation activities exposed students to Bandura’s four main sources of experience (mastery experiences, vicarious experiences, social persuasion, and physiologic/emotional responses) to enhance the development of students’ self-efficacy. Results of the pre-test and post-test summative scores revealed a statistically significant increase in student confidence in performing skills related to maternal and newborn care (p < .0001) following participation in the SCE. Confidence pre-test and post-test scores were not affected by the students’ section. Skills related to the care of the post-partum mother following vaginal or Caesarean section delivery showed the greatest change in confidence ratings. OSCE results showed a mean total class score (both sections) of 57.4 (70.0 %) with normal distribution. Mean scores were 56.5 (68.9%) for section 0001 and 58.3 (71.1%) for section 0002. Total scores were similar between sections (p =0.342) based on pairwise comparison. Analysis of OSCE scores as compared to students’ final course grade revealed similar distributions. Finally, qualitative analysis identified how students’ perceived the SCE. Students cited gains in knowledge, development of psychomotor skills and improved clinical judgement following participation in simulation activities. These were attributed to the « hands on » practice obtained from working in small groups, a safe and authentic learning environment and one in which students could make mistakes and correct errors as having the greatest impact on learning through simulation.

Nursing students' perceptions of community pediatric experiences.

Over the last decade health care delivery has shifted from hospitals to the community resulting in a significant reduction of hospital-based clinical placements for nursing students to practice and learn. Studies have emerged describing this problem and outlining the ways in which Colleges and Universities have attempted to deal with the acute shortage of clinical areas in nursing and other health care programs. Several studies describe the development of community-based clinical experiences, and some of these examinated students' perceptions. One finding appears to be constant: student perceptions of community experiences have an effect on their settings both to contend with the shortage of hospital-based placements and to prepare students for future practice.