Marine foundation species shifting ranges and genetic baselines

This thesis revealed the most importance factors shaping the distribution, abundance and genetic diversity of four marine foundation species. Environmental conditions, particularly sea temperatures, nutrient availability and ocean waves, played a primary role in shaping the spatial distribution and abundance of populations, acting on scales varying from tens of meters to hundreds of kilometres. Furthermore, the use of Species Distribution Models (SDMs) with biological records of occurrence and high-resolution oceanographic data, allowed predicting species distributions across time. This approach highlighted the role of climate change, particularly when extreme temperatures prevailed during glacial and interglacial periods. These results, when combined with mtDNA and microsatellite genetic variation of populations allowed inferring for the influence of past range dynamics in the genetic diversity and structure of populations. For instance, the Last Glacial Maximum produced important shifts in species ranges, leaving obvious signatures of higher genetic diversities in regions where populations persisted (i.e., refugia). However, it was found that a species’ genetic pool is shaped by regions of persistence, adjacent to others experiencing expansions and contractions. Contradicting expectations, refugia seem to play a minor role on the re(colonization) process of previously eroded populations. In addition, the available habitat area for expanding populations and the inherent mechanisms of species dispersal in occupying available habitats were also found to be fundamental in shaping the distributions of genetic diversity. However, results suggest that the high levels of genetic diversity in some populations do not rule out that they may have experienced strong genetic erosion in the past, a process here named shifting genetic baselines. Furthermore, this thesis predicted an ongoing retraction at the rear edges and extinctions of unique genetic lineages, which will impoverish the global gene pool, strongly shifting the genetic baselines in the future.

Estudo da variabilidade genética de marcadores moleculares ligados ao gene da MGP e sua aplicação para paternidades em Sparus aurata

Dissertação de Mestrado, Biologia Marinha, Especialização em Biotecnologia Marinha, Faculdade de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente, Universidade do Algarve, 2008

Ecologia e demografia de uma população de águia de Bonelli Aquila Fasciata em meio florestal

Tese de dout., Ecologia, Faculdade de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente, Universidade do Algarve, 2008

Variabilidade genómica de Citrus tristeza virus e transformação genética de Citrus aurantium L. com vista à obtenção de resistência

Tese de dout., Biologia, Faculdade de Engenharia de Recursos Naturais, Univ. do Algarve, 2003

Identification of reliable reference genes for quantitative gene expression in the Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus

Dissertação de mest., Biologia Marinha (Aquacultura), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Univ. do Algarve, 2010

Cytogenetic and histological studies of the brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) x arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) hybrids

In aquaculture, application of fish hybrids has increased. This technique permits improvement of the fish production by providing specimens showing better growth rate when compared to the parental species. Indeed, sterile individuals are highly demanded because quite frequently parental fish mature before they reach the market size, which impairs their growth and decrease their economic value. Throughout the last years, the commercial and scientific interest in salmonids has increased rapidly, among them, the brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) are species that can be crossed to produce hybrids that might by cultured in the fish farms. In the present thesis, we have assessed chromosome numbers and evaluate gonadal sex in the brook trout X Arctic charr hybrid progenies. In our populations, the karyotype of the brook trout comprises 84 chromosomes: 16 bi-armed chromosomes (meta-submetacentric) and 68 one-armed chromosomes (telo-acrocentrics) and the chromosome arm number, NF= 100. Arctic charr karyotype shows variation related to the chromosome number (2n= 81-82) and stable chromosome arm number (NF= 100). 2n= 81 chromosomes consisted of 19 bi-armed and 62 one-armed chromosomes, while 2n= 82 karyotype was organized into 18 meta-submetacentric and 64 acrocentrics. The cytogenetic and histological analysis of the brook trout X Arctic charr hybrids (sparctics) was carried out to asses chromosome and chromosome arm number and gonadal sex of the studied specimens. Diploid chromosome number in the hybrids varied from 81 to 84 and individuals with 83 and 84 chromosomes were predominant. Most of the fish had chromosome arm number equal to 100. Robertsonian fusion in the Arctic charr and chromosome behaviour in the hybrid fish cells might lead to the observed variation in chromosome numbers in the hybrids. Among studied fish, 12 were males, 3 were females and 9 had intersex gonads. No correlation between chromosome number and disturbances in the gonadal development was found. This might suggest that intersex gonads might have been developed as a consequence of disturbances in the genetic sex determination process. Genetic sex determination acts properly in the parental species but in the hybrids this may not be as efficient.

Estudo da variação temporal do dióxido de carbono no oceano Atlântico Norte (2002 - 2007)

Foram recolhidos praticamente todos os dados da concentração de CO2 à superfície do mar (fCO2 (SO)) e temperatura à superfície do mar (TSM) obtidos por Embarcações de Observação Voluntária, para o Oceano Atlântico Norte (10º N – 80º N). Foram ainda recolhidos dados das concentrações atmosféricas de CO2 (fCO2 (ATM)), em estações fixas ao longo da bacia, para realizar o estudo do sequestro oceânico de CO2. Após uma seleção minuciosa e uma uniformização exaustiva, os dados foram armazenados por "sectores" 5º latitude x 5º longitude x mês. Em seguida foi obtida uma boa série de dados (2002 – 2007) para sectores que representavam a região das latitudes baixas (10º N-35º N), médias (35º N- 50º N) e altas (50º N-80º N). Para o período 2002 – 2007, o padrão regional da variação da fCO2 (SO) é controlado pela TSM nas latitudes baixas e médias, e pela dinâmica do oceano (absorção de CO2 (SO)) nas latitudes altas. Foi verificado um crescimento generalizado da fCO2 (ATM), TSM e fCO2 (SO) (excepto latitudes altas). Contudo para 2002 – 2007, a fCO2 (SO) está a aumentar mais lentamente do que para 1970 - 2006 [5]. A ΔfCO2 é principalmente influenciada pela fCO2 (SO) e pelos factores físicos que controlam o seu padrão de variação regional. A região das altas latitudes é a zona de maior sequestro de CO2 liquído da bacia. Nas latitudes médias e altas verifica-se um aumento do poder de sequestro para 2002 – 2007, o que que representa uma inflexão à tendência verificada em 1993 - 2005 [93]. Este factor pode estar relacionado com a mudança do índice da Oscilação do Atlântico Norte. A Zona Económica Exclusiva Portuguesa engloba a região que actua como o maior sumidouro de CO2 e o seu poder de sequestro oceânico de CO2 está a aumentar.

Study of influence of regulatory polymorphisms of expression in development of breast cancer

The human genome has millions of genetics variants that can affect gene expression. These variants are known as cis-regulatory variants and are responsible for intra-species phenotypic differences and individual susceptibility to disease. One of the diseases affected by cis-regulatory variants is breast cancer. Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers, with approximately 4500 new cases each year in Portugal. Breast cancer has many genes mutated and TP53 has been shown to be relevant for this disease. TP53 is one of the most commonly mutated genes in human cancer and it is involved in cell cycle regulation and apoptosis. Previous work by Maia et al has shown that TP53 has differential allelic expression (DAE), which suggests that this gene may be under the influence of cis-regulatory variants. Also, its DAE pattern is totally altered in breast tumours with normal copy number. We hypothesized that cis-regulatory variants affecting TP53 may have a role in breast cancer development and treatment. The present work aims to identify the cis-regulatory variants playing a role in TP53 expression, using in silico, in vitro and in vivo approaches. By bioinformatic tools we have identified candidate cis-regulatory variants and predicted the possible transcription factor binding sites that they affect. By EMSA we studied DNA-protein interactions in this region of TP53. The in silico analysis allowed us to identified three candidate cis-regulatory SNPs which may affect the binding of seven transcription factors. However, the EMSA experiments have not been conclusive and we have not yet confirmed whether any of the identified SNPs are associated with gene expression control of TP53. We will carry out further experiments to validate our findings.