Liderazgo innovador en emplesas de hoteleria

Las organizaciones se desarrollan en la actualidad dentro de un contexto de cambio e incertidumbre, exigiendo por parte de sus miembros una permanente adaptación para encontrar soluciones que permitan afirmar sus diferencias y garantizar su competitividad. Actualmente, en Portugal, el éxito empresarial está asociado al discurso institucional, a la innovación, sinónimo de modernidad y productividad. Es en este contexto que iniciamos un trabajo con el objetivo de contribuir para la comprensión de las competencias de gestión asociadas a la innovación en el sector de la hotelería en la región de Algarve. Como consideró Argyris (1999), la mayoría de las personas actúa de acuerdo con dos teorías diferentes: la teoría declarada (que se refiere a los objetivos y valores en los que la persona afirma que orienta su comportamiento) y la teoría practicada (objetivos y valores que efectivamente orientan el comportamiento), siendo más fácil, a las personas, expresar sus teorías declaradas. En este estudio, tratamos de resolver la aparente contradicción entre estas dos teorías, recurriendo al método de los constructos personales de Kelly (1963) a fin de construir un cuestionario muy próximo a los conceptos y el lenguaje organizacional, lo que nos permitió definir “clusters” de comportamientos relacionados con la innovación. El cuestionario fue aplicado a 15 hoteles de cuatro y cinco estrellas en el Algarve, habiendo sido validadas 509 respuestas. El análisis estadístico permitió revelar que los subordinados diferencian entre superiores innovadores y no innovadoras entorno a dos dimensiones: las competencias de toma de decisión (ej: el jefe innovador no revela miedo a cometer errores, comprende rápidamente las nuevas situaciones) y las competencias relacionales (ej: facilidad con que los colaboradores plantean una cuestión difícil y comparten la información porque eso enriquece el grupo). Los resultados concluyen que los hoteles se subdividen en tres grupos – hoteles más innovadores, de innovación intermedia y menos innovadores – y que existen diferencias significativas entre los trabajadores de front office, de back office y del sector administrativo y de dirección. Intentamos también saber como los propios jefes considerados innovadores se posicionaban relativamente a la innovación, para lo que realizamos 24 entrevistas a superiores considerados como innovadores por sus subordinados y 6 entrevistas a superiores no innovadores. Los resultados revelan que los jefes innovadores construyen su rol los subordinados como referencia, mientras los no innovadores se identifican con otros superiores y, concretamente con sus propios jefes.

A proteomic study of the effects of nutrient restriction in utero on postnatal metabolism

It is widely recognized that protein restriction in utero may cause metabolic and endocrine adaptations, which may be of benefit to the neonate on a short-term basis but may cause adverse long-term conditions such as obesity, Type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. Adequate foetal and early post natal nutrient and energy supply is therefore essential for adult animal health, performance and life span. In this project it was investigated the progressive adaptations of the hepatic proteome in male mink offspring exposed to either a low protein (FL) or an adequate protein (FA) diet in utero fed either on a low protein (LP) or on an adequate (AP) diet from weaning until sexual maturity. Specifically, the aim was to determine the metabolic adaptations at selected phases of the animal’s first annual cycle and establish the metabolic priorities occurring during those phases. The three different morphological stages studied during the first year of development included, end of bone growth at 4 months of age, maximal fat accretion at 6 months of age and sexual maturity at 12 months of age. A reference proteome of mink liver coming from these different animal groups were generated using 2D electrophoresis coupled to MALDI-TOF analysis and the way in which dietary treatment affect their proteome was established. Approximately 330 proteins were detected in the mink liver proteome. A total of 27 comparisons were carried out between all different animal groups which resulted in 20 differentially expressed proteins. An extensive survey was conducted towards the characterization of these proteins including their subcellular localization, the biological processes in which they are involved and their molecular functions. This characterization allowed the identification of proteins in various processes including the glycolysis and fatty acid metabolism. The detailed analysis of the different dietary treatment animal groups was indicative of differences in metabolism and also to changes associated with development in mink.

An embodied approach to language: the role of bodily feedback in discourse processing

Theories of embodied cognition argue that language processing arises not from amodal symbols that redescribe sensorimotor and affective experiences, but from partial simulations (reenactments) of modality-specific states. Recent findings on processing of words and sentences support such a stance emphasizing that the role of the body in the domain of language comprehension should not be overlooked or dismissed. The present research was conducted to extend prior work in two important ways. First, the role of simulation was tested with connected discourse rather than words or sentences presented in isolation. Second, both “online” and “offline” measures of discourse comprehension were taken. In Experiments 1 and 2 participants’ facial postures were manipulated to show that preparing the body for processing of emotion-congruent information improves discourse comprehension. In Experiment 3 the direction of body posture was manipulated to show that implicit properties of simulations, such as spatial dimension or location, are at least somewhat involved in processing of large language segments such as discourse. Finally, in Experiments 4 and 5 participants’ body movement and body posture were manipulated to show that even understanding of language describing metaphorical actions physically impossible to perform involves constructing a sensorimotor simulation of the described event. The major result was that compatibility between embodiment and language strongly modulated performance effectiveness in experiments on simulation of emotion and metaphorical action. The effect of simulation on comprehension of discourse implying spatial dimension was fragile. These findings support an embodied simulation account of cognition suggesting that sensorimotor and affective states are at least partially implicated in “online” and “offline” discourse comprehension.