The role of papyrus plants (Cyperus papyrus) and internal waves in the nutrient balance of Lake Victoria, East Africa

Dissertação mest., Gestão da água e da costa, Universidade do Algarve, 2007

Eutrophication and some European waters of restricted exchange

Regions of Restricted Exchange (RREs) are an important feature of the European coastline. They are historically preferred sites for human settlement and aquaculture and their ecosystems, and consequent human use, may be at risk from eutrophication. The OAERRE project (EVK3-CT1999-0002 concerns ‘Oceanographic Applications to Eutrophication in Regions of Restricted Exchange’. It began in July 2000, and studies six sites. Four of these sites are fjords: Kongsfjorden (west coast of Spitzbergen); Gullmaren (Skagerrak coast of Sweden); Himmerfj.arden (Baltic coast of Sweden); and the Firth of Clyde (west coast of Scotland). Two are bays sheltered by sand bars: Golfe de Fos (French Mediterranean); and Ria Formosa (Portuguese Algarve). Together they exemplify a range of hydrographic and enrichment conditions. The project aims to understand the physical, biogeochemical and biological processes, and their interactions, that determine the trophic status of these coastal marine RRE through the development of simple screening models to define, predict and assess eutrophication. This paper introduces the sites and describes the component parts of a basic screening model and its application to each site using historical data. The model forms the starting point for the OAERRE project and views an RRE as a well-mixed box, exchanging with the sea at a daily rate E determined by physical processes, and converting nutrient to phytoplankton chlorophyll at a fixed yield q: It thus uses nutrient levels to estimate maximum biomass; these preliminary results are discussed in relation to objective criteria used to assess trophic status. The influence of factors such as grazing and vertical mixing on key parameters in the screening model are further studied using simulations of a complex‘research’ model for the Firth of Clyde. The future development of screening models in general and within OAERRE in particular is discussed. In addition, the paper looks ahead with a broad discussion of progress in the scientific understanding of eutrophication and the legal and socioeconomic issues that need to be taken into account in managing the trophic status of RREs.

Effects of nutrient and light enrichment on phytoplankton growth

Alterations of freshwater flow regimes and increasing eutrophication lead to alterations in light availability and nutrient loading into adjacent estuaries and coastal areas. Phytoplankton community respond to these changes in many ways. Harmful phytoplankton blooms, for instance, may be a consequence of changes in nutrient supply, as well as the replacement of some phytoplankton species (like diatoms, that contribute for the development of large fish and shellfish populations) by ohers (like cyanobacteria, that may be toxic and represent an undesirable food source for higher trophic levels). Nutrient and light enrichment experiments allow us to understand and predict the effects of eutrophication on the growth of phytoplankton. This is a fundamental tool in water management issues, since it enables the prediction of changes in the phytoplankton community that may be harmful to the whole ecosystem, and the design of mitigation strategies (Zalewski 2000).

Temperature, pH, and conductivity control of the nutrient solution of an hydroponic greenhouse

One of the aspects of modern agriculture is characterised by a culture without soil (hydroponic cultures). These culture techniques are identified by possessing automatic control systems to control the nutrient solution. In first hydroponic cultures this control was accomplished by “on- off” analog controllers that applied a single control law implemented in hardware. Therefore, the changes of the control law resulted in the change of all interface electronics. In digital control implemented by micro-controllers the alteration of such control law is easily performed by changing only a computer program, leaving untouched all the interface hardware. In this way, the use and substitution of the control strategy is improved, as well, the use of advanced control strategies.

Interaction between water and nutrient deficiencies in helianthus annuus

The physiological response of plants to water deficits are known to vary according to the conditions of application of drought stress and the rate of development of leaf water deficits. At the whole plant level the effect of the water shess is usually perceived as a decrease in photosynthesis and growth, and is associated with alterations in C and N metabolism (McDonald and Davies, 1996). The decrease in water potential affects transpiration and hence xylem transport of nitrate or reduced N into growing regions. The response of the photo-synthetic apparatus either to water stress or rehydration seems to be dependent "on leaf age (O'Neill, 1983; Wolfe et al., 1988). Degradation of both thylakoid and stromal N-containing compounds can occur in response to water stress, recovery from which may pequire more than a week (Chaves, 1991).

A proteomic study of the effects of nutrient restriction in utero on postnatal metabolism

It is widely recognized that protein restriction in utero may cause metabolic and endocrine adaptations, which may be of benefit to the neonate on a short-term basis but may cause adverse long-term conditions such as obesity, Type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. Adequate foetal and early post natal nutrient and energy supply is therefore essential for adult animal health, performance and life span. In this project it was investigated the progressive adaptations of the hepatic proteome in male mink offspring exposed to either a low protein (FL) or an adequate protein (FA) diet in utero fed either on a low protein (LP) or on an adequate (AP) diet from weaning until sexual maturity. Specifically, the aim was to determine the metabolic adaptations at selected phases of the animal’s first annual cycle and establish the metabolic priorities occurring during those phases. The three different morphological stages studied during the first year of development included, end of bone growth at 4 months of age, maximal fat accretion at 6 months of age and sexual maturity at 12 months of age. A reference proteome of mink liver coming from these different animal groups were generated using 2D electrophoresis coupled to MALDI-TOF analysis and the way in which dietary treatment affect their proteome was established. Approximately 330 proteins were detected in the mink liver proteome. A total of 27 comparisons were carried out between all different animal groups which resulted in 20 differentially expressed proteins. An extensive survey was conducted towards the characterization of these proteins including their subcellular localization, the biological processes in which they are involved and their molecular functions. This characterization allowed the identification of proteins in various processes including the glycolysis and fatty acid metabolism. The detailed analysis of the different dietary treatment animal groups was indicative of differences in metabolism and also to changes associated with development in mink.

Compostagem e caracterização de resíduos vegetais para utilização como substratos hortícolas

O objectivo deste trabalho foi estudar a utilização de 5 compostos de resíduos de origem vegetal, como componentes de substratos hortícolas. Estudaram-se os processos de compostagem de bagaço de azeitona, bagaço de uva, polpa de alfarroba, casca de eucalipto e casca de pinheiro, caracterizaram-se os compostos obtidos e testou-se a sua aptidão agronómica, como substratos para viveiro de tomate (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) em placas alveoladas e cultura de pelargónio (Pelargonium x hortorum) em vaso. Após uma preparação prévia, que em alguns dos resíduos vegetais constou de moenda, suplemento de azoto e aumento do teor de humidade, efectuou-se a sua compostagem em caixas com 1200 L de capacidade, isoladas termicamente, com arejamento por volteio manual. Depois foram analisadas as suas características físicas e químicas e testados na sua aptidão como constituintes únicos de substratos e em misturas com turfa de sphagnum. A maioria dos processos de compostagem apresentou uma evolução habitual da temperatura, com a máxima aproximando-se ou ultrapassando 60 oC. Como excepções, verificou-se um período de compostagem muito longo em bagaço de azeitona; o atraso da fase termofílica em polpa de alfarroba e, na 1ª compostagem de casca de pinheiro, a temperatura não alcançou a zona termofílica. A maioria dos resíduos manifestaram uma acentuada resistência à degradação durante a compostagem, à excepção da polpa de alfarroba e da casca de eucalipto. Contudo, a nível físico-químico e químico registaram-se evoluções acentuadas, sobretudo nas variáveis relacionadas com alterações da superfície das partículas, como por exemplo, a capacidade de troca catiónica. Outras variáveis apresentaram uma evolução interessante para o acompanhamento do processo e o conhecimento do grau de estabilidade do composto final. Foi apreciável o efeito proporcionado pela adição de lamas de estação de tratamento de águas residuais urbanas, como suplemento azotado, a nível das propriedades físicas dos compostos, do aumento da velocidade do processo de compostagem e do enriquecimento dos compostos em macro e micronutrientes. A compostagem não conduziu à melhoria significativa das propriedades físicas dos materiais, excepto em casca de eucalipto. Os compostos caracterizaram-se fundamentalmente por uma reduzida capacidade de retenção de água e uma elevada capacidade de arejamento. Os compostos obtidos com incorporação de lamas apresentaram os valores mais baixos de capacidade de arejamento, mesmo assim dentro dos limites satisfatórios e, os valores mais altos de capacidade de retenção de água. Na cultura em placas alveoladas, o comportamento de muitas das misturas com compostos não se diferenciou do da testemunha, observando-se uma flutuação sazonal do comportamento das misturas nos dois viveiros de cada ano, associada às condições ambientais mais exigentes do ponto de vista da disponibilidade de água. Observou-se um maior número de correlações significativas entre as características dos substratos e as variáveis relativas ao crescimento das plantas nos viveiros efectuados mais tarde, sob condições de maior evapotranspiração. As plantas obtidas no segundo viveiro de tomate foram instaladas em cultura. As características das plantas do viveiro, apresentaram elevada correlação com as respectivas produções obtidas no campo, evidenciando a importância da qualidade das plantas de viveiro, na produção. Nos ensaios de pelargónio em vaso, também se observaram comportamentos idênticos ao da testemunha em muitas das misturas com compostos. Observou-se no 2º ensaio, um maior número de tratamentos com resultados idênticos aos da testemunha, resultante das condições de menor exigência hídrica, as quais fizeram sobressair menos as diferenças de propriedades físicas das misturas. Contudo, a diferença de crescimento obtido em algumas misturas, atribuiu-se também à interferência da continuidade capilar entre o vaso de papel com a estaca enraizada e a mistura em estudo. O trabalho presente mostrou que é possível obter compostos a partir de resíduos orgânicos, com boas características e a preço competitivo para utilização como substratos hortícolas. O processo de compostagem sendo um elemento chave, é fácil de controlar se houver uma regulação eficaz do arejamento e do teor de humidade durante o processo. Apesar de alguns resíduos, como a polpa de alfarroba, serem caros, se tomarmos em consideração o custo da sua eliminação, poderão conduzir a substratos comercialmente viáveis. Em condições ambientais que favoreçam uma maior evapotranspiração ou, em culturas com maior exigência hídrica, pode ser aconselhável a mistura dos compostos estudados com turfa de sphagnum pouco decomposta para melhorar a capacidade de retenção de água.

Marine foundation species shifting ranges and genetic baselines

This thesis revealed the most importance factors shaping the distribution, abundance and genetic diversity of four marine foundation species. Environmental conditions, particularly sea temperatures, nutrient availability and ocean waves, played a primary role in shaping the spatial distribution and abundance of populations, acting on scales varying from tens of meters to hundreds of kilometres. Furthermore, the use of Species Distribution Models (SDMs) with biological records of occurrence and high-resolution oceanographic data, allowed predicting species distributions across time. This approach highlighted the role of climate change, particularly when extreme temperatures prevailed during glacial and interglacial periods. These results, when combined with mtDNA and microsatellite genetic variation of populations allowed inferring for the influence of past range dynamics in the genetic diversity and structure of populations. For instance, the Last Glacial Maximum produced important shifts in species ranges, leaving obvious signatures of higher genetic diversities in regions where populations persisted (i.e., refugia). However, it was found that a species’ genetic pool is shaped by regions of persistence, adjacent to others experiencing expansions and contractions. Contradicting expectations, refugia seem to play a minor role on the re(colonization) process of previously eroded populations. In addition, the available habitat area for expanding populations and the inherent mechanisms of species dispersal in occupying available habitats were also found to be fundamental in shaping the distributions of genetic diversity. However, results suggest that the high levels of genetic diversity in some populations do not rule out that they may have experienced strong genetic erosion in the past, a process here named shifting genetic baselines. Furthermore, this thesis predicted an ongoing retraction at the rear edges and extinctions of unique genetic lineages, which will impoverish the global gene pool, strongly shifting the genetic baselines in the future.