Beach quality assessment and management in the Sotavento (Eastern) Algarve, Portugal

The purpose of this study on beach quality assessment and management was to evaluate the quality of five beaches in the Algarve Sotavento region of Portugal and to identify beach users’ preferences and priorities regarding their visit to a beach. The Algarve is one of the country’s most internationally known regions and it is generally perceived as a major tourist destination. Because of the increasing level of tourists, there is a specific need to address beach quality, as overcrowding can result in excessive litter, reduce water quality and consequently reduce the socio-economic value of the area. The main methodology for the evaluation of the beach quality in this pilot project was the Bathing Area Registration and Evaluation framework (BARE), which recognizes five beach types (rural, remote, resort, urban and village) through five main priority issues of concern to beach users (water quality, scenery, litter, safety, facilities) and evaluates the beach quality, ranging from one (low) to five (high) stars. After overall bathing area classification, Quarteira-Vilamoura, Ilha do Farol, Ilha Deserta and Ilha da Armona received three-star rating and Quinta do Lago site obtained a one-star rating. The quantitative research data on beach users’ preferences and priorities was obtained through administration of 50 questionnaires per beach and showed that beach users at all sites expressed the need for improved cleanliness, safety and facilities on the beach. The BARE framework, together with the questionnaire surveys, allowed the identification of management priorities required to improve the quality of individual beaches and therefore increase income from tourism.

Ecological quality assessment of transitional waters based on fish assemblages in Portuguese estuaries: The Estuarine Fish Assessment Index (EFAI)

The assessment of water quality has changed markedly worldwide over the last years, especially in Europe due to the implementation of the Water Framework Directive. Fish was considered a key-element in this context and several fish-based multi-metric indices have been proposed. In this study, we propose a multi-metric index, the Estuarine Fish Assessment Index (EFAI), developed for Portuguese estuaries, designed for the overall assessment of transitional waters, which could also be applied at the water body level within an estuary. The EFAI integrates seven metrics: species richness, percentage of marine migrants, number of species and abundance of estuarine resident species, number of species and abundance of piscivorous species, status of diadromous species, status of introduced species and status of disturbance sensitive species. Fish sampling surveys were conducted in 2006, 2009 and 2010, using beam trawl, in 13 estuarine systems along the Portuguese coast. Most of the metrics presented a high variability among the transitional systems surveyed. According to the EFAI values, Portuguese estuaries presented a "Good" water quality status (except the Douro in a particular year). The assessments in different years were generally concordant, with a few exceptions. The relationship between the EFAI and the Anthropogenic Pressure Index (API) was not significant, but a negative and significant correlation was registered between the EFAI and the expert judgement pressure index, at both estuary and water body level. The ordination analysis performed to evaluate similarities among North-East Atlantic Geographical Intercalibration Group (NEAGIG) fish-based indices put in evidence four main groups: the French index, since it is substantially different from all the other indices (uses only four metrics based on densities); indices from Ireland, United Kingdom and Spain (Asturias and Cantabria); the Dutch and German indices; and the indices of Belgium. Portugal and Spain (Basque country). The need for detailed studies, including comparative approaches, on several aspects of these assessment tools, especially in what regards their response to anthropogenic pressures was stressed. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Avaliação da qualidade da água das ribeiras Odelouca, Odeleite e Foupana (Algarve, Portugal): uso de macroinvertebrados bentónicos como bioindicadores

São várias as perturbações antropogénicas que afectam os rios e as ribeiras em Portugal, razão pela qual é urgente a implementação de medidas que visem a sua protecção. Neste contexto, foi criada em 2000 a directiva quadro da água (DQA) que visa atingir o bom estado das massas de água até 2015. Este trabalho teve como objectivos: contribuir para o conhecimento da comunidade de macroinvertebrados nas ribeiras do Algarve; verificar a existência de diferenças na comunidade de macroinvertebrados entre ribeiras e em função dos habitats; comparar duas metodologias (INAG e “Habitats”) de amostragem para avaliação da qualidade ecológica da água; avaliar o estado ecológico (através de índices bióticos: IBMWP and IPtIs) das ribeiras de Odelouca, Foupana e Odeleite utilizando para este fim os macroinvertebrados. Estes índices são baseados no grau de tolerância à poluição e abundância de cada família. Os macroinvertebrados bentónicos (bioindicadores) foram recolhidos com uma rede de arrasto manual (malha 500μm), sendo o esforço de amostragem de 6 arrastos/ponto. Não se encontraram diferenças em termos de índices ecológicos e da estrutura da comunidade de macroinvertebrados (ao nível das famílias) quer entre ribeiras como entre habitats. A análise da estrutura da comunidade não diferiu para ambas as metodologias testadas, sugerindo que na metodologia INAG não existe perda de informação relacionada com a insuficiência de amostragens em determinados habitats. No entanto, verifica-se uma tendência para valores dos índices bióticos apresentarem sempre valores iguais ou superiores no caso da metodologia “Habitats. Os valores dos índices de qualidade da água permitiram classificar na generalidade a qualidade da água nas ribeiras em estudo como boa. A informação relativa aos índices bióticos deve ser complementadas com análises físico-químicas, ou com métodos como o River Habitat Survey (RHS), que permite determinar o índice “Habitat Quality Assessment” (HQA), que expressa as características naturais nos rios importantes para os organismos (número de zonas de corrente rápida, árvores), e “Habitat Modification Score” (HMS), que quantifica as alterações ocorridas nas ribeiras (ocupação do solo em torno dos rios: agricultura, pontes).