Molecular cloning and analysis of Xeroderma pigmentosum group-D (xpd) in zebrafish

Dissertação de mest., Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina, Univ. do Algarve, 2011

Cloning, expression and purification of pneumococcal proteins = clonagem, expressão e purificação de proteínas de pneumococcus

Dissertação de mest., Engenharia Biológica, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Univ. do Algarve, 2008

In vitro blood-brain barrier models to predict the permeation of gene therapy vectors into the brain

A terapia génica tem-se revelado uma alternativa relevante no tratamento de doenças neurodegenerativas (DN). Contudo, a entrega de vetores para transferência génica no cérebro representa ainda um enorme desafio devido à presença da barreira hemato-encefálica (BHE). A BHE é uma interface dinâmica e seletiva entre o sangue e o cérebro, constituída pelas células endoteliais cerebrais, astrócitos e pericitos, desempenhando um importante papel na regulação da homeostasia cerebral. A BHE representa um dos maiores obstáculos no tratamento de DN, uma vez que esta barreira impede o transporte para o cérebro da maioria das moléculas terapêuticas, incluindo os vetores para terapia génica. Embora tenham sido desenvolvidos diferentes modelos in vitro da BHE de forma a avaliar o transporte de fármacos através da BHE, muito poucos foram criados com o intuito de testar a permeabilidade desta barreira a vetores de terapia génica. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal o desenvolvimento e a avaliação de modelos in vitro de BHE que permitam a investigação da capacidade dos vetores de terapia génica de penetrarem no cérebro. No nosso estudo, foram testados diferentes modelos in vitro de BHE em monocultura, constituídos por células endoteliais de rato ou murganho (RBE4 e bEnd3, respetivamente), e modelos de co-cultura, que combinam células endoteliais com células neuronais (Neuro2a) ou astrócitos primários, cultivados num sistema transwell. Para caraterizar estes modelos foram realizados testes de permeabilidade e de resistência elétrica transendotelial, bem como estudos baseados na técnica de PCR quantitativo e na imunocitoquímica das proteínas das junções intercelulares. Verificámos que os modelos baseados na cultura de células bEnd3 e células neuronais ou astrócitos apresentavam as melhores propriedades de barreira. Posteriormente foi avaliada nos modelos selecionados a penetração de um vetor não-viral que reconhecidamente tem a capacidade de atravessar in vivo a BHE: o peptídeo da glicoproteína do vírus da raiva (RGV-9r). Os siRNAs marcados com um fluoróforo e acoplados ao peptídeo RVG-9r foram capazes de penetrar eficientemente as células bEnd3, localizadas no lado luminal do insert, via endocitose mediada por recetores, e ainda de penetrar os astrócitos ou células neuronais, previamente cultivadas no lado abluminal. Estes resultados correlacionam-se, de forma clara, com os resultados previamente descritos em estudos in vivo. Em conclusão, os modelos in vitro de BHE baseados na co-cultura de células bEnd3 com células Neuro2a ou astrócitos, têm grande potencial na seleção de candidatos a vetores de terapia génica para o cérebro, uma vez que apresentam importantes características da BHE e se baseiam num método fácil e reprodutível. Tal facto representa uma promessa significativa para a identificação de novas estratégias de terapia génica não invasiva para o tratamento de doenças neurológicas.

Development of a Piggybac based direct reprogramming system for derivation of integration free induced pluripotent stem cells

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSc) have great potential for applications in regenerative medicine, disease modeling and basic research. Several methods have been developed for their derivation. The original method of Takahashi and Yamanaka involved the use of retroviral vectors which result in insertional mutagenesis, presence in the genome of potential oncogenes and effects of residual transgene expression on differentiation bias of each particular iPSc line. Other methods have been developed, using different viral vectors (adenovirus and Sendai virus), transient plasmid transfection, mRNA transduction, protein transduction and use of small molecules. However, these methods suffer from low efficiencies; can be extremely labor intensive, or both. An additional method makes use of the piggybac transposon, which has the advantage of inserting its payload into the host genome and being perfectly excised upon re-expression of the transposon transposase. Briefly, a policistronic cassette expressing Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and C-Myc flanked by piggybac terminal repeats is delivered to the cells along with a plasmid transiently expressing piggybac transposase. Once reprogramming occurs, the cells are re-transfected with transposase and subclones free of tranposon integrations screened for. The procedure is therefore very labor intensive, requiring multiple manipulations and successive rounds of cloning and screening. The original method for reprogramming with the the PiggyBac transposon was created by Woltjen et al in 2009 (schematized here) and describes a process with which it is possible to obtain insert-free iPSc. Insert-free iPSc enables the establishment of better cellular models of iPS and adds a new level of security to the use of these cells in regenerative medicine. Due to the fact that it was based on several low efficiency steps, the overall efficiency of the method is very low (<1%). Moreover, the stochastic transfection, integration, excision and the inexistence of an active way of selection leaves this method in need of extensive characterization and screening of the final clones. In this work we aime to develop a non-integrative iPSc derivation system in which integration and excision of the transgenes can be controlled by simple media manipulations, avoiding labor intensive and potentially mutagenic procedures. To reach our goal we developed a two vector system which is simultaneously delivered to original population of fibroblasts. The first vector, Remo I, carries the reprogramming cassette and GFP under the regulation of a constitutive promoter (CAG). The second vector, Eneas, carries the piggybac transposase associated with an estrogen receptor fragment (ERT2), regulated in a TET-OFF fashion, and its equivalent reverse trans-activator associated with a positive-negative selection cassette under a constitutive promoter. We tested its functionality in HEK 293T cells. The protocol is divided in two the following steps: 1) Obtaining acceptable transfection efficiency into human fibroblasts. 2) Testing the functionality of the construct 3) Determining the ideal concentration of DOX for repressing mPB-ERT2 expression 4) Determining the ideal concentration of TM for transposition into the genome 5) Determining the ideal Windows of no DOX/TM pulse for transposition into the genome 6) 3, 4 and 5) for transposition out of the genome 7) Determination of the ideal concentration of GCV for negative selection We successfully demonstrated that ENEAS behaved as expected in terms of DOX regulation of the expression of mPB-ERT2. We also demonstrated that by delivering the plasmid into 293T HEK cells and manipulating the levels of DOX and TM in the medium, we could obtain puromycin resistant lines. The number of puromycin resistant colonies obtained was significantly higher when DOX as absent, suggesting that the colonies resulted from transposition events. Presence of TM added an extra layer of regulation, albeit weaker. Our PCR analysis, while not a clean as would be desired, suggested that transposition was indeed occurring, although a background level of random integration could not be ruled out. Finally, our attempt to determine whether we could use GVC to select clones that had successfully mobilized PB out of the genome was unsuccessful. Unexpectedly, 293T HEK cells that had been transfected with ENEAS and selected for puromycin resistance were insensitive to GCV.

Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of full-length complementary DNA coding for human α1-antitrypsin

A cDNA library prepared from human liver was screened for α₁-antitrypsin, a major constituent of plasma which functions as inhibitor of proteolytic enzyms. The library was screened using a 12-base-long synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotide corresponding to a known DNA fragment of human α₁-antitrypsin and by hybrid-selection of α₁-antitrypsin mRNA.

Molecular cloning, full-length sequence and preliminary characterization of a 56-kDa protein induced by human interferons

Among the various proteins which are induced when human cells are are treatened with interferon, a predominant protein of unknown function, with molecular mass 56 kDa, has been observed. With the aim of exploring the molecular basis of the regulation of this protein and of its mRNA, in order to understand its biological functionand its possible contribution to the various antiviral and non-antiviral actions exerted by interferons.

Cloning of the Bone Gla Protein gene from the teleost fish Sparus aurata (gilthead seabream). Molecular organization, developmental appearance and evolutionary implications

Tese de Doutoramento, Biologia Molecular, Faculdade de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente, Universidade do Algarve, 2001

Development of non-viral vectors for gene therapy for pathologies of the retina

Tese de doutoramento, Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina, Universidade do Algarve, 2015