An evaluation of trace metal distribution, enrichment factors and risk in sediments of a coastal lagoon (Ria de Aveiro, Portugal)

This paper describes a sediment survey undertaken to unravel patterns of distribution and dispersion of trace metals in an Iberian Peninsula northwestern coastal lagoon (Ria de Aveiro). Cadmium, lead, chromium, copper and zinc were analyzed in bottom sediments. Geochemical normalization is performed and two different regression models for each metal versus aluminum are tested and compared using the respective enrichment factors (EF), an estimation of the relative importance of anthropogenic contributions to the studied sediments. Mean sediment quality guideline quotients (mSQGQ) are used to evaluate sediment quality and associated potential risk to biota with effects range low as empirical sediment quality guideline (SQG) in the basis for mSQGQ calculation. Additionally, the geoaccumulation index is calculated to compare studied sediment levels to global baseline levels. The application of SQGs revealed insufficient characterization capability, especially when contrasted to EF calculated from the regression methods. These pointed a mildly enriched system with localized “hot spot” areas. Therefore, it can be considered that bottom sediments in the Ria de Aveiro system are in their majority unpolluted, zinc being the only metal of concern, presenting enrichment in all four main channels. The major rivers outlets (Caster, Antuã, and Vouga) constitute point sources, thus presenting potential risk for biota. Yet, the strong tidal influence creates a damping effect by efficiently redistributing sediment bound metals.

Characterization of the methanol recovery process at Prio Biocombustíveis S. A.

In a industrial environment, to know the process one is working with is crucial to ensure its good functioning. In the present work, developed at Prio Biocombustíveis S.A. facilities, using process data, collected during the present work, and historical process data, the methanol recovery process was characterized, having started with the characterization of key process streams. Based on the information retrieved from the stream characterization, Aspen Plus® process simulation software was used to replicate the process and perform a sensitivity analysis with the objective of accessing the relative importance of certain key process variables (reflux/feed ratio, reflux temperature, reboiler outlet temperature, methanol, glycerol and water feed compositions). The work proceeded with the application of a set of statistical tools, starting with the Principal Components Analysis (PCA) from which the interactions between process variables and their contribution to the process variability was studied. Next, the Design of Experiments (DoE) was used to acquire experimental data and, with it, create a model for the water amount in the distillate. However, the necessary conditions to perform this method were not met and so it was abandoned. The Multiple Linear Regression method (MLR) was then used with the available data, creating several empiric models for the water at distillate, the one with the highest fit having a R2 equal to 92.93% and AARD equal to 19.44%. Despite the AARD still being relatively high, the model is still adequate to make fast estimates of the distillate’s quality. As for fouling, its presence has been noticed many times during this work. Not being possible to directly measure the fouling, the reboiler inlet steam pressure was used as an indicator of the fouling growth and its growth variation with the amount of Used Cooking Oil incorporated in the whole process. Comparing the steam cost associated to the reboiler’s operation when fouling is low (1.5 bar of steam pressure) and when fouling is high (reboiler’s steam pressure of 3 bar), an increase of about 58% occurs when the fouling increases.

Avaliação do ciclo de vida de um pavimento flutuante de cortiça

A consciencialização ambiental vem assumindo um papel preponderante na construção civil. Nesse sentido, o desenvolvimento de materiais sustentáveis e ecológicos é essencial para a satisfação de fabricantes e consumidores, respeitando diversos requisitos: níveis reduzidos de poluição e toxicidade, durabilidade dos materiais, possibilidade de reutilização e/ou reciclagem, a proveniência das matérias-primas e a possibilidade de contaminação do ar no interior dos edifícios. As declarações ambientais de produto (DAP) permitem informar o consumidor do desempenho ambiental dos materiais dos produtos. Assim, ao longo de todo o processo de fabrico são registados os consumos de recursos e emissões ambientais e, através da metodologia de avaliação de ciclo de vida, é quantificada a contribuição resultante para impactes ambientais. Esta dissertação visa analisar os possíveis impactes ambientais no decurso do processo de produção de um pavimento flutuante de cortiça, constituído por cortiça, High Density Fibreboard (HDF) e acabamento de superfície, denominado Artcomfort Floating NPC e elaborar de um relatório de suporte, que servirá de base para a DAP do pavimento Artcomfort Floating NPC do sistema do Institut Bauen und Umwelt (IBU). Esta dissertação inclui um relatório de fundo, para a avaliação do ciclo de vida do pavimento flutuante Artcomfort Floating NPC da empresa Amorim Revestimentos, que servirá de base para a elaboração da declaração ambiental de produto (DAP) do mesmo. Para tal, recorreu-se ao software SimaPro para análise dos impactes ambientais das várias fases do processo de fabrico do pavimento em estudo, sendo as fases consideradas, a produção da camada base de cortiça aglomerada, camada backing de cortiça aglomerada, montagem da sanduiche, placa pintada, placa acabada e corte e embalagem. A fase que tem maior contribuição para os impactes ambientais do processo de fabrico do produto, em todas as categorias de impacte analisadas, com exceção da depleção dos recursos abióticos sem combustíveis fósseis, foi a fase de montagem da sanduiche.