Applying the motivation-hygiene theory as a means of measuring learner satisfaction with blended learning courses in higher education

This study describes research on a postgraduate blended learning programme within the Department of Education at the University of Aveiro in Portugal. It is based on a multi-philosophical paradigm and examines students‟ satisfaction levels through the application of Herzberg‟s Motivation and Hygiene Theory. The main question being addressed in this research is: “Can the Motivation and Hygiene Theory be adopted as a means to measure student satisfaction with their blended learning environment?” Embedded within this research question are four fundamental questions which set the scene for the development of this research study and are explored in greater detail in Chapters 4 and 5 respectively: 1. What are the factors responsible for bringing about learning satisfaction with their b-Learning course? 2. What are the factors responsible for bringing about learning dissatisfaction with their b-Learning course? 3. Can these factors be represented as Motivation and Hygiene factors? 4. Will this method of measuring learning satisfaction lead to a set of guidelines that could be considered as a framework for the development of b-Learning courses? The results indicate that the Motivation and Hygiene Theory or an adapted version such as the Enricher and Enabler Theory proposed in this study could be considered as a plausible means of analysing an institution‟s b-Learning processes. The opportunity to carry out future research is evident and can be varied depending on the research objectives in mind. Examples where further exploration would be beneficial lay within the application of this theory to the wider sector; the use of larger samples, focusing on the teachers, as well as the learners and the application of Web 2.0 technologies as means of gathering information. The results of this research will be of great significance to those areas of education that are interested in locating quick and efficient means by which to evaluate their b-Learning and to no lesser extent e-Learning environments.

Autonomy in English language learning: a case study

The main goal of this study was to analyse the development of a pedagogy for autonomy tuned to the current situation in which Higher Education finds itself, namely of implementation of the Bologna Process in Europe, and in particular at the Escola Superior Agrária of the Polytechnic School at Coimbra. For this purpose new course units were created, new descriptors written, new materials developed and new methodologies tried. A case study was undertaken to observe and analyse the changes the institution was undergoing and to assess the impact of the new methodologies, particularly regarding the development of student autonomy. The target population for this study were the first year students on the Biotechnology degree in the year 2007/2008, to whom a battery of tests were applied, namely proficiency tests, belief tests, metacognitive tests, as well as methods of ethnographic research. The study relied on the European Framework of Reference for Languages and the European Language Portfolio to establish recognised levels and competences, and employed the portfolio as its main tool for measuring student autonomy. This portfolio was simultaneously biographical and descriptive and was organised by the students in their own time. Great incentive was given to this independent work. The ethnographic component of the study was of significant importance being given to students learning histories and to the collection of students’ reflections. This component aimed in particular to allow students the opportunity to express their thoughts on the experience they underwent during 20 weeks. From the analysis of the data, a significant improvement in self-confidence and motivation for lifelong learning is observable in the development of multiple tasks. Regarding the students’ progression towards proficiency, this improvement is less clear, but the final results of educational success were generally of great relevance.

Avaliação em contextos de blended learning no ensino superior

The increasing complexity of the Information Society and the Bologna Declaration in the European context has led Higher Education (HE) institutions to revise their curricula courses, as far as the adoption of new strategies for teaching and learning as well as evaluation are concerned. It can also be emphasized that there has been a growing use of eLearning and of blended learning (bLearning) in HE, since these modes of training seem to be a very convenient option for lifelong learning. In this context, quality is taken as an essential goal in the development of the European Space for Education and Training, where HE institutions compete among themselves, and where evaluation is determinant as a promoter of this quality. Considering the problems summarized above, the research developed, based on four published scientific papers, intended to answer a set of research questions related to evaluation of bLearning contexts in HE. The study used diverse techniques and instruments (questionnaires, document analysis, and observation mediated technologies) spanning two methodological approaches: i) study of descriptive and exploratory nature and ii) case studies of bLearning modules. In the first approach an evaluation model for bLearning courses was developed, where we collected and analyzed, at a national level, the opinions of teachers with bLearning experience about the model dimensions. The case studies presented are post graduation curricular units, where bLearning teaching, learning and evaluation strategies were explored and evaluated, namely peer assessment. The main contributions of the first approach are: the process of questioning around the evaluation of bLearning courses, namely the quality assurance criteria for bLearning, as well as the model developed, providing a framework of theoretical, methodological and empirical elements that can be adapted in similar contexts. From the case studies emerged: the developed evaluation guidelines and the data collection instruments, in order to disseminate evaluation “best practices” that may be useful for other units in similar contexts. Regarding the recommendations about the evaluation of teaching of bLearning courses we emphasize: the use of versatile evaluation objects; the evaluation throughout the process and not just at the end; and the involvement of multiple evaluators, including students (whose feedback is essential to monitor the quality of teaching and learning). From the case studies we highlight: the need for discussion of evaluation frameworks to explore, and consequent increase in the transparency of the evaluation process; the increased interaction between groups; and the peer assessment as a strategy to promote active and autonomous learning. In addition to the contributions and recommendations for practice and research in the area of evaluation in bLearning contexts in HE, listed above, it also emerged from this study useful guidelines regarding educational evaluation in bLearning contexts, in order to improve the quality of teaching, learning and evaluation in such contexts.

Metacognição em práticas colaborativas numa comunidade de b-learning: um estudo de caso

Nesta tese apresenta-se um estudo sobre a metacognição em práticas colaborativas numa comunidade de b-learning no ensino superior. O referencial teórico adotado desenvolveu-se com o intuito de reunir as discussões sobre a metacognição, o b-learning, a comunidade de aprendizagem colaborativa e as comunidades de práticas no ensino superior. Com base nesse referencial teórico desenvolveu-se um estudo empírico sobre a metacognição analisada numa comunidade de b-learning tendo como estudo de caso o Programa Doutoral em Multimédia em Educação da Universidade de Aveiro (edições 2009 e 2010). O estudo, que envolveu 7 docentes e 17 alunos das referidas edições do programa doutoral, teve como uma das suas finalidades verificar a perspetiva do aluno sobre o processo de aprendizagem vivido, das posturas que assume, das estratégias a que recorre para interagir nas comunidades de aprendizagem no âmbito do Programa Doutoral em Multimédia em Educação (PDMMEDU), que funciona na modalidade blearning. Os dados foram obtidos através de inquérito por questionário realizado com os alunos e de sessões de focus group com alunos e docentes. A partir da análise dos resultados obtidos sob o referencial teórico que lhes serviu de enquadramento, procurou dar-se resposta às questões orientadoras do estudo: i) Encontramos evidências de pensamento ou processos metacognitivos nas comunidades de b-learning que se instalaram nas Unidades Curriculares (UC) do PDMMEDU? ii) Que perceções da aprendizagem nas comunidades de b-learning têm os estudantes? iii) Que sentimentos afluem da interação com o grupo de trabalho e com toda a turma? Qual a perceção que os docentes têm sobre a temática e que evidências poderão fornecer sobre a possibilidade de desenvolvimento de processos metacognitivos no âmbito das respetivas UCs? iv) Que relação pode ser observada entre os elementos motivadores da aprendizagem dos alunos e a participação nas UC? Do resultado da análise dos dados obtidos através do inquérito por questionário realizado com os alunos e das sessões de focus group com alunos e docentes identificou-se o perfil metacognitivo dos alunos, uma avaliação da experiência no programa doutoral, as novas posturas assumidas e alterações nos cenários profissionais. Por fim, são feitas sugestões para investigação futura com a proposta de sessões de trabalho onde se desenvolvem competências metacognitivas por parte de alunos envolvidos em cursos de pós-graduação em ambientes online.

Framework para comercialização de soluções de smart cities: o caso PT

Com um número cada vez maior de cidadãos a viver em grandes aglomerados urbanos, as cidades necessitam de se adaptar e tornar mais inteligentes por forma a serem sustentáveis. Desta forma, o conceito de smart city implica a integração de várias dimensões da gestão da cidade, mediante uma abordagem integrada e sustentada, criando um novo mercado per si. Mas, para responder a estas necessidades e conquistar este novo mercado, as empresas têm que se organizar por forma a sustentar as suas decisões estratégicas com ferramentas que permitem a análise e avaliação deste novo paradigma. Baseado nos conceitos de smart cities/cidades inteligentes, este trabalho desenvolve um conjunto de ferramentas que permitem a análise e avaliação de novos mercados pela empresa PTInovação, criando um modelo para a implementação de um mapa de calor/heat map que apresenta as cidades com maior potencial de mercado a nível mundial. Com base neste modelo, é então efetuada uma instanciação do modelo que permite analisar 7 casos diferentes de cidades localizadas na América, África, Ásia e Europa. A partir da análise realizada, é efetuado um caso de estudo para a cidade de Cartagena das Índias, na Colômbia. Este caso de estudo efetua a análise do portfólio de oferta da PTInovação, estuda as necessidades específicas dos utilizadores locais e analisa os potenciais competidores no mercado local, permitindo a realização de uma análise SWOT/TOWS que induz a criação de um plano de ação que permite mapear o processo de entrada da empresa neste mercado.

Evaluation of online higher education: learning, interaction and technology

The work presents a theoretical framework for the evaluation of e-Teaching that aims at positioning the online activities designed and developed by the teacher as to the Learning, Interaction and Technology Dimensions. The theoretical research that underlies the study was developed reflecting current thinking on the promotion of quality of teaching and of the integration of information and communication tools into the curriculum in Higher Education (HE), i.e., bearing in mind some European guidelines and policies on this subject. This way, an answer was sought to be given to one of the aims put forward in this study, namely to contribute towards the development of a conceptual framework to support research on evaluation of e-teaching in the context of HE. Based on the theoretical research carried out, an evaluation tool (SCAI) was designed, which integrates the two questionnaires developed to collect the teachers' and the students' perceptions regarding the development of e-activities. Consequently, an empirical study was structured and carried out, allowing SCAI tool to be tested and validated in real cases. From the comparison of the theoretical framework established and the analysis of the data obtained, we found that the differences in teaching should be valued and seen as assets by HE institutions rather than annihilated in a globalizing perspective.