Present, imagination and memory in Zakes Mda and Mia Couto

Apesar de marcadas por contextos históricos e culturais distintos, é possível observar nas obras de dois dos autores mais significativos da África do Sul e de Moçambique, Zakes Mda e Mia Couto respectivamente, perspectivas semelhantes no que diz respeito à recuperação das memórias históricoculturais e à sua contribuição para a construção e compreensão das identidades pós-coloniais. Através da ficção, Zakes Mda e Mia Couto combinam a ligação da História a factos concretos com a necessidade de revelação associada à memória, criando assim espaços importantes para a discussão de algumas das mais complexas questões colocadas às identidades pós-coloniais. Para além dos contextos políticos, culturais e históricos que caracterizam e distinguem as literaturas sul-africana e moçambicana, tanto Zakes Mda como Mia Couto assumem nas suas obras a necessidade de analisar as identidades pós-coloniais contemporâneas dos dois países através da recuperação das suas memórias históricas.

Embryonic and larval ecology and biochemistry of offshore decapods

Understanding the biology of offshore species is hardened by the difficulties of sampling in the deep-sea environment. Additionally, due to the vastness of the open ocean, knowledge of early life histories of pelagic larvae is still relatively scarce. In decapod species with bentho-pelagic lifestyle, the transition from life in the seafloor to the water column not only is associated with drastic morphological metamorphosis, but also with changes in behavior and feeding ecology. The purpose of the present thesis was to investigate physiological, biochemical and behavioral adaptation occurring during early development of such species. The Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus, and the crab Monodaeus couchi were used as a model as these two species are encountered off the NE Atlantic shelf at depth greater than 300 m. Chapter 1 introduces the challenges faced by both adult and larvae inhabiting such remote habitats, including the effect of food availability on development and oceanographic processes on dispersal and recruitment. The thesis follows early life histories, starting with within-brood variability in the fatty acid (FA) profile displayed by developing N. norvegicus embryos. There were no differences in the FA composition of embryos sampled from both sides of the brooding chamber in most females. However, all females exhibited significant differences in the FA profiles of embryos sampled from different pleopods. Potential causes for the variations recorded may be differential female investment during oocyte production or shifts in FA catabolism during the incubation period promoted by embryo’s location within the brooding chamber. Next, feeding rates and digestive enzymes activity of the early stage larvae was investigated in N. norvegicus. Both stages were able to maximize food intake when larvae were scarce and showed increased feeding rate following periods of starvation. Amylase activity indicated that carbohydrates are not the primary energy reserve and that feeding may be required soon after hatching to trigger amylase activity. Protease activity indicated that protein reserves are catabolized under starvation. These results indicate that larvae may maximize prey ingestion in the presence of plankton patches with higher food abundance and minimize the deleterious effects induced by previous periods of intermittent starvation or unsuitable prey densities/types. Additionally, changes in enzymatic activity may allow newly hatched N. norvegicus larvae to metabolize protein reserves to overcome short-term starvation. Vertical migration behavior and the influence of oceanographic properties were studied next. All zoeal stages of M. couchi displayed reverse diel vertical migration. Abundance of early stages was correlated with chlorophyll a levels. An ontogenic shift in vertical distribution explained the results; earlier zoeal stages remain in the food-rich upper water column while later stages migrate to the bottom for settlement. This vertical migration behavior is likely to affect horizontal distribution of larvae. Indeed, global current patterns will result in low inter-annual variations in decapod larvae recruitment, but short term variations such as upwelling events will cause deviation from the expected dispersal pattern. Throughout development, from the embryo to metamorphosis into benthic juvenile, offshore decapods face many challenges. For the developing individual survivorship will depend heavily on food availability but also on the reserves passed on by the mother. Even though vertical migration behavior can allow the larvae to take advantage of depth varying currents for transport, the effect of general circulation pattern will superimpose local current and influence feeding conditions and affect dispersal and recruitment.

Autonomy in English language learning: a case study

The main goal of this study was to analyse the development of a pedagogy for autonomy tuned to the current situation in which Higher Education finds itself, namely of implementation of the Bologna Process in Europe, and in particular at the Escola Superior Agrária of the Polytechnic School at Coimbra. For this purpose new course units were created, new descriptors written, new materials developed and new methodologies tried. A case study was undertaken to observe and analyse the changes the institution was undergoing and to assess the impact of the new methodologies, particularly regarding the development of student autonomy. The target population for this study were the first year students on the Biotechnology degree in the year 2007/2008, to whom a battery of tests were applied, namely proficiency tests, belief tests, metacognitive tests, as well as methods of ethnographic research. The study relied on the European Framework of Reference for Languages and the European Language Portfolio to establish recognised levels and competences, and employed the portfolio as its main tool for measuring student autonomy. This portfolio was simultaneously biographical and descriptive and was organised by the students in their own time. Great incentive was given to this independent work. The ethnographic component of the study was of significant importance being given to students learning histories and to the collection of students’ reflections. This component aimed in particular to allow students the opportunity to express their thoughts on the experience they underwent during 20 weeks. From the analysis of the data, a significant improvement in self-confidence and motivation for lifelong learning is observable in the development of multiple tasks. Regarding the students’ progression towards proficiency, this improvement is less clear, but the final results of educational success were generally of great relevance.