Ecogeography of roe deer: relation with other ungulates in sympatry

Understanding the spatial distribution of organisms is a central topic in ecology. The European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) population is in Portugal and Norway at the southwestern and northern edge of its distribution, respectively. Understanding the factors that act on these populations enlightens both local aspects concerning their conservation and wider scale aspects of the species bioclimatic envelope, which is crucial for being better able to predict the impacts of environmental change. The main aim of this thesis was to evaluate roe deer distribution in Portugal and Norway, two countries with contrasting landscapes, seasonality and with different anthropogenic pressure. The interspecific relationship with sympatric ungulates was also analysed. By using pellet group counts, we investigated habitat use of roe deer, identifying the major environmental descriptors, to understand the importance of forest structure, vegetation characteristics, landscape structure and human disturbance on their distribution. The analyses were based on presence – absence data and were carried out at two spatial scales. The results showed that habitat use of roe deer was different across countries. In Portugal, at the local scale, roe deer distribution was positively associated with high density of shrubs, especially heather and brambles, while the presence of red deer had a negative effect on their distribution. At a broad scale, roe deer was negatively associated with spatial heterogeneity, namely mean shape index and made less use of areas close to agricultural fields. In Norway, at the local scale, roe deer made more use of areas with high cover of deciduous trees and patches containing juniper and Vaccinium sp.. At a broad scale, roe deer use patches near edges between fields and forest. In both countries, roe deer make use of areas further away from roads. While in Norway roe deer in both summer and winter are always close to houses, in Portugal they are either far (summer) or indifferent (winter). Anthropogenic disturbance is better tolerated in Norway, where the importance of the critical season seems to be higher. Human disturbance may contribute to roe deer habitat loss in Portugal, while roe deer are able to persist close to humans in managed landscapes in Norway. In fact, some of the differences observed could be more due to the indirect impacts of human exploitation (e.g. presence of free-ranging dogs and hunting regulation) rather than the actual human presence or land-use per se. I conclude that the methodology and tools developed here are readily expandable to address similar questions in different contexts. Wildlife management would benefit greatly from a more holistic/integrative approach and that should include human aspects, as human disturbance is expected to continue increasing.

Os cadernos de escrita como mediadores da produção de textos por alunos do 1º CEB

O actual paradigma inclusivo associado a um enquadramento sociocultural da investigação em Didáctica reposiciona a escrita por iniciativa própria num referencial mais amplo, no qual o aprender a escrever se cruza com a relação com o (saber) escrever de todos os alunos. Neste enquadramento, torna-se possível conjugar a centralidade que a escrita ocupa (i) nos percursos escolares dos alunos, (ii) na definição das opções metodológicas dos professores e (iii) nas orientações programáticas estabelecidas para todo o ensino básico, confrontando-a com as características dos suportes de escrita utilizados em contexto escolar. Tais suportes são elementos essenciais porque constituem uma memória que viabiliza a partilha, a reformulação e a reflexão. É também nesse sentido que interpretamos o Programa de Língua Portuguesa para o 1.º Ciclo Ensino Básico quando propõe que cada aluno tenha «um caderno onde possa fazer tentativas de escrita, escrever como souber, o que quiser, quando quiser». Daí, a nossa opção por realizar uma investigação de cariz interpretativo centrada nas opções metodológicas do(s) professor(es) e na relação com a escrita subjacente às produções dos alunos, questionando os sentidos e as práticas perceptíveis na utilização de cadernos individuais de escrita no 1.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico. Os resultados obtidos junto de três turmas, ao longo do terceiro e quarto anos de escolaridade, destacam a diversidade de dinâmicas passíveis de serem estabelecidas em cada grupo e a expansão da gama de géneros de textos que, claramente, surge associada a uma crescente afirmação intencional do lugar dos alunos enquanto sujeitos que querem e sabem dizer de si, reflectindo acerca do seu próprio agir, entre pares.