Treatment of natural gas streams with ionic liquids

Being of high relevance for many technological applications, the solubility of sour gases in solvents of low volatility is still poorly described and understood. Aiming at purifying natural gas streams, the present work contributes for a more detailed knowledge and better understanding of the solubility of sour gases in these fluids, in particularly on ionic liquids. A new apparatus, developed and validated specially for phase equilibria studies of this type of systems, allowed the study of the solvent basicity, molecular weight and polarity influence on the absorption of carbon dioxide and methane. The non ideality of carbon dioxide solutions in ionic liquids and other low volatile solvents, with which carbon dioxide is known to form electron donor-acceptor complexes, is discussed, allowing the development of a correlation able to describe the carbon dioxide solubility in low volatile solvents. Furthermore, the non ideality of solutions of light compounds, such as SO2, NH3 and H2S, in ionic liquids is also investigated and shown to present negative deviations to the ideality in the liquid phase, that can be predicted by the Flory-Huggins model. For last, the effect of the ionic liquid polarity, described through the Kamlet-Taft parameters, on the CO2/CH4 and H2S/CH4 selectivities is also evaluated and shown to stand as a viable tool for the selection of ionic liquids with enhanced selectivities.

Derivation of soil screening values for metals in Portuguese natural soil

The increasing human activity has been responsible by profound changes and a constinuos degradation of the soil compartment in all the European territory. Some European policies are appearing focusing soil’s protection and the management of contaminated sites, in order to recover land for other uses. To regulate the risk assessment and the management of contaminated soils, many European member states adopted soil guideline values, as for example soil screnning values (SSV).These values are particularly useful for the the first tier of the Ecological Risk Assessment (ERA) processes of contaminated sites,especially for a first screening of sites requiring a more site-specific evaluation. Hence, the approriate definition of regional SSVs will have relevant economic impacts in the management of contaminated sites. Portugal is one of European Member States that still lack these soil guideline values. In this context, this study gaves a remarkable contribution in the generation of ecotoxicological data for soil microbiological parameters, terrestrial plants and invertebrates for the derivation of SSVs for uranium (U), cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu), using a Portuguese natural soil, representative of a dominant type of soil in the Portuguese territory. SSVs were derived based on two methods proposed by the the Technical Guidance Document for Risk Assessment of the European Commission; namely the assessment factor method (AF) and the species sensitivity distribution (SSD) method (with some adaptations). The outputs of both methods were compared and discussed. Further, this study laid the foundation for a deeper reflection about the cut-off (hazard concentration for a given percentage of species - HCps) to be estimated from the SSDs, and to be selected for the derivation of SSVs, with the adequate level of protection. It was proven that this selection may vary for different contaminants, however a clear justification should be given, in each case. The SSvs proposed in this study were for: U (151.4 mg U kg-1dw), Cd (5.6 mg Cd kg-1dw), and Cu (58.5 mg Cu kg-1dw) These values should now be tested for their descriminating power of soils with different levels of contamination. However, this studies clarifies the approach that should be followed for the derivation of SSVs for other metals and organic contaminants, and for other dominant types of Portuguese natural soils.

Resistance to last-resort antibiotics in natural environments

Last-resort antibiotics are the final line of action for treating serious infections caused by multiresistant strains. Over the years the prevalence of resistant bacteria has been increasing. Natural environments are reservoirs of antibiotic resistance, highly influenced by human-driven activities. The importance of aquatic systems on the evolution of antibiotic resistance is highlighted from the assumption that clinically-relevant resistance genes have originated in strains ubiquitous in these environments. We hypothesize that: a) rivers are reservoirs and disseminators of antibiotic resistance; b) anthropogenic activities potentiate dissemination of resistance to last-resort antibiotics. Hence, the main goal of the work is to compare the last-resort antibiotics resistome, in polluted and unpolluted water. Rivers from the Vouga basin, exposed to different anthropogenic impacts, were sampled. Water quality parameters were determined to classify rivers as unpolluted or polluted. Two bacterial collections were established enclosing bacteria resistant to cefotaxime (3rd generation cephalosporin) and to imipenem (carbapenem). Each collection was characterized regarding: phylogenetic diversity, antibiotic susceptibility, resistance mechanisms and mobile genetic elements. The prevalence of cefotaxime- and imipenem-resistant bacteria was higher in polluted water. Results suggested an important role in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance for Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas and Aeromonas. The occurrence of bacteria resistant to non-beta-lactams was higher among isolates from polluted water as also the number of multiresistant strains. Among strains resistant to cefotaxime, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes were detected (predominantly blaCTX-M-like) associated to mobile genetic elements previously described in clinical strains. ESBL-producers were often multiresistant as a result of co-selection mechanisms. Culture-independent methods showed clear differences between blaCTX-M-like sequences found in unpolluted water (similar to ancestral genes) and polluted water (sequences identical to those reported in clinical settings). Carbapenem resistance was mostly related to the presence of intrinsically resistant bacteria. Yet, relevant carbapenemase genes were detected as blaOXA-48-like in Shewanella spp. (the putative origin of these genes), and blaVIM-2 in Pseudomonas spp. isolated from polluted rivers. Culture-independent methods showed an higher than the previously reported diversity of blaOXA-48-like genes in rivers. Overall, clear differences between polluted and unpolluted systems were observed, regarding prevalence, phylogenetic diversity and susceptibility profiles of resistant bacteria and occurrence of clinically relevant antibiotic resistance genes, thus validating our hypotheses. In this way, rivers act as disseminators of resistance genes, and anthropogenic activities potentiate horizontal gene transfer and promote the constitution of genetic platforms that combine several resistance determinants, leading to multiresistance phenotypes that may persist even in the absence of antibiotics.