Distributed coding for systems with cooperative diversity

O presente trabalho propõe-se a divulgar as mais significativas técnicas de esquemas cooperativos, de forma a ultrapassar alguns dos problemas dos sistemas móveis sem fios da próxima geração, estendendo a área de cobertura destes sistemas, assim como a sua capacidade e fiabilidade. O estudo de diversos esquemas cooperativos é efetuado em termos de capacidade e de taxa de erros, fazendo variar o número de relays e de antenas em cada elemento do sistema. Diversos algoritmos com aplicação em sistemas cooperativos são desenvolvidos e propostos ao longo desta tese, como códigos espaço-frequência aplicados de forma distribuída nos relays, para sistemas baseados na tecnologia OFDM e sob diversos cenários próximos da realidade. Os sistemas cooperativos são particularmente úteis em situações em que o caminho direto entre dois terminais não está acessível ou tem uma fraca qualidade de transmissão. Tendo este aspeto em consideração, e pretendendo ter a máxima eficiência espetral e máxima diversidade, um algoritmo com precodificação é também proposto para múltiplos relays, cada um equipado com uma ou duas antenas. A formulação matemática associada aos algoritmos propostos é apresentada, assim como a derivação da probabilidade de erro teórica. O desempenho dos sistemas assistidos por relays usando os algoritmos propostos é comparado em relação a outros esquemas cooperativos equivalentes e a esquemas não-cooperativos, considerando cenários com diferentes qualidades de canal, daí advindo importantes conclusões em relação a estes sistemas.

Cooperative communications in multi-rate IEEE 802.11 networks

Esta tese apresenta um estudo sobre alguns dos protocolos de cooperação MAC para redes sem fios utilizando o sistema IEEE 802.11 multi-débito. É proposto um novo modelo de arquitetura para a categorização e análise da cooperação em redes sem fios, tendo este modelo sido aplicado a protocolos cooperativos existentes para camada MAC. É investigado como as características do meio físico, assim como os requisitos de níveis superiores podem ser aplicados ao processo de cooperação, com vista a melhorar as características de funcionamento da rede de comunicações. Para este propósito são exploradas as métricas mais relevantes para o processo de cooperação. São igualmente estudados os limites impostos pelos protocolos da camada MAC e as limitações práticas impostas por protocolos da família de normas que compõem o IEEE 802.11. Neste trabalho foi criada uma métrica multicamada, que permite considerar os requisitos aplicacionais de performance e o tipo de tráfego, assim como a mobilidade dos dispositivos, no funcionamento dos mecanismos de cooperação. Como forma de validação, e para corretamente avaliar o impacto da métrica, um novo protocolo de cooperação foi desenvolvido e implementado. O seu funcionamento é descrito de forma analítica assim como validado através de a um ambiente de simulação. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a utilização de uma métrica multicamada é uma técnica robusta, fornecendo melhorias consistentes no contexto de redes IEEE 802.11. São igualmente demonstradas várias outras características de funcionamento com impacto para as comunicações. Estes dados fornecem uma visão real e encorajadora para a realização de mais pesquisas para a melhoria da performance dos protocolos cooperativos, assim como a sua utilização num variado número de aplicações futuras. No final do documento são apresentados alguns desafios para a continuação da investigação deste tópico.

Design and performance of wireless cooperative relaying

In recent years, a new paradigm for communication called cooperative communications has been proposed for which initial information theoretic studies have shown the potential for improvements in capacity over traditional multi-hop wireless networks. Extensive research has been done to mitigate the impact of fading in wireless networks, being mostly focused on Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) systems. Recently, cooperative relaying techniques have been investigated to increase the performance of wireless systems by using diversity created by different single antenna devices, aiming to reach the same level of performance of MIMO systems with low cost devices. Cooperative communication is a promising method to achieve high spectrum efficiency and improve transmission capacity for wireless networks. Cooperative communications is the general idea of pooling the resources of distributed nodes to improve the overall performance of a wireless network. In cooperative networks the nodes cooperate to help each other. A cooperative node offering help is acting like a middle man or proxy and can convey messages from source to destination. Cooperative communication involves exploiting the broadcast nature of the wireless medium to form virtual antenna arrays out of independent singleantenna network nodes for transmission. This research aims at contributing to the field of cooperative wireless networks. The focus of this research is on the relay-based Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol. Specifically, I provide a framework for cooperative relaying called RelaySpot which comprises on opportunistic relay selection, cooperative relay scheduling and relay switching. RelaySpot-based solutions are expected to minimize signaling exchange, remove estimation of channel conditions, and improve the utilization of spatial diversity, minimizing outage and increasing reliability.

Channel estimation and parameters acquisition systems employing cooperative diversity

This work investigates new channel estimation schemes for the forthcoming and future generation of cellular systems for which cooperative techniques are regarded. The studied cooperative systems are designed to re-transmit the received information to the user terminal via the relay nodes, in order to make use of benefits such as high throughput, fairness in access and extra coverage. The cooperative scenarios rely on OFDM-based systems employing classical and pilot-based channel estimators, which were originally designed to pointto-point links. The analytical studies consider two relaying protocols, namely, the Amplifyand-Forward and the Equalise-and-Forward, both for the downlink case. The relaying channels statistics show that such channels entail specific characteristics that comply to a proper filter and equalisation designs. Therefore, adjustments in the estimation process are needed in order to obtain the relay channel estimates, refine these initial estimates via iterative processing and obtain others system parameters that are required in the equalisation. The system performance is evaluated considering standardised specifications and the International Telecommunication Union multipath channel models.

Cooperative positioning for heterogeneous wireless systems

Future emerging market trends head towards positioning based services placing a new perspective on the way we obtain and exploit positioning information. On one hand, innovations in information technology and wireless communication systems enabled the development of numerous location based applications such as vehicle navigation and tracking, sensor networks applications, home automation, asset management, security and context aware location services. On the other hand, wireless networks themselves may bene t from localization information to improve the performances of di erent network layers. Location based routing, synchronization, interference cancellation are prime examples of applications where location information can be useful. Typical positioning solutions rely on measurements and exploitation of distance dependent signal metrics, such as the received signal strength, time of arrival or angle of arrival. They are cheaper and easier to implement than the dedicated positioning systems based on ngerprinting, but at the cost of accuracy. Therefore intelligent localization algorithms and signal processing techniques have to be applied to mitigate the lack of accuracy in distance estimates. Cooperation between nodes is used in cases where conventional positioning techniques do not perform well due to lack of existing infrastructure, or obstructed indoor environment. The objective is to concentrate on hybrid architecture where some nodes have points of attachment to an infrastructure, and simultaneously are interconnected via short-range ad hoc links. The availability of more capable handsets enables more innovative scenarios that take advantage of multiple radio access networks as well as peer-to-peer links for positioning. Link selection is used to optimize the tradeo between the power consumption of participating nodes and the quality of target localization. The Geometric Dilution of Precision and the Cramer-Rao Lower Bound can be used as criteria for choosing the appropriate set of anchor nodes and corresponding measurements before attempting location estimation itself. This work analyzes the existing solutions for node selection in order to improve localization performance, and proposes a novel method based on utility functions. The proposed method is then extended to mobile and heterogeneous environments. Simulations have been carried out, as well as evaluation with real measurement data. In addition, some speci c cases have been considered, such as localization in ill-conditioned scenarios and the use of negative information. The proposed approaches have shown to enhance estimation accuracy, whilst signi cantly reducing complexity, power consumption and signalling overhead.

Inter layer and cooperative design strategies for green mobile networks

The promise of a truly mobile experience is to have the freedom to roam around anywhere and not be bound to a single location. However, the energy required to keep mobile devices connected to the network over extended periods of time quickly dissipates. In fact, energy is a critical resource in the design of wireless networks since wireless devices are usually powered by batteries. Furthermore, multi-standard mobile devices are allowing users to enjoy higher data rates with ubiquitous connectivity. However, the bene ts gained from multiple interfaces come at a cost in terms of energy consumption having profound e ect on the mobile battery lifetime and standby time. This concern is rea rmed by the fact that battery lifetime is one of the top reasons why consumers are deterred from using advanced multimedia services on their mobile on a frequent basis. In order to secure market penetration for next generation services energy e ciency needs to be placed at the forefront of system design. However, despite recent e orts, energy compliant features in legacy technologies are still in its infancy, and new disruptive architectures coupled with interdisciplinary design approaches are required in order to not only promote the energy gain within a single protocol layer, but to enhance the energy gain from a holistic perspective. A promising approach is cooperative smart systems, that in addition to exploiting context information, are entities that are able to form a coalition and cooperate in order to achieve a common goal. Migrating from this baseline, this thesis investigates how these technology paradigm can be applied towards reducing the energy consumption in mobile networks. In addition, we introduce an additional energy saving dimension by adopting an interlayer design so that protocol layers are designed to work in synergy with the host system, rather than independently, for harnessing energy. In this work, we exploit context information, cooperation and inter-layer design for developing new energy e cient and technology agnostic building blocks for mobile networks. These technology enablers include energy e cient node discovery and short-range cooperation for energy saving in mobile handsets, complemented by energy-aware smart scheduling for promoting energy saving on the network side. Analytical and simulations results were obtained, and veri ed in the lab on a real hardware testbed. Results have shown that up to 50% energy saving could be obtained.