Estímulo à participação dos alunos - práticas de ensino auto reflexivas

Um dos objetivos centrais da escola atual é o de desenvolver nos alunos competências que lhes permitam adaptar-se à sociedade em constante transformação e não apenas a veiculação de conteúdos académicos. No entanto, vários estudos mostram que existem dificuldades na transferência das aprendizagens da sala de aula para o mundo real. Uma das razões apontadas é o facto de os conhecimentos de sala de aula não serem bem integrados com os conhecimentos anteriores do aluno. Para que ocorram aprendizagens significativas, torna-se, portanto, necessário que o professor leve em consideração, no planeamento de estratégias de ensino, os conhecimentos anteriores e expectativas dos alunos, as suas questões e ideias. Para que tal aconteça, é essencial que os alunos interajam com o professor, agindo como parceiros no processo de ensino e de aprendizagem, exprimindo as suas ideias, dúvidas e expectativas. Assim sendo, nesta investigação procurou-se aumentar a participação dos alunos através da criação de momentos que lhes permitissem explorar as suas ideias e escrever as suas questões. As ‘produções’ orais e escritas dos alunos foram objeto de reflexão e análise pela professora-investigadora, e levadas em consideração no planeamento das aulas subsequentes. Os dados foram recolhidos através de observação participante e não-participante, de anotações do investigador, de questões e respostas escritas pelos alunos, e da gravação áudio das interações orais das aulas. O método de investigação adotado foi o estudo de caso, sendo a investigação de carácter qualitativo. Pese as limitações do estudo no que diz respeito à dimensão da amostra, os resultados apontam no sentido de que as estratégias aplicadas estimularam a participação dos alunos. A comparação entre o número de questões escritas pelos alunos e o número de intervenções orais em algumas das aulas lecionadas revelou que o número de alunos que escreveram questões foi superior ao número de alunos que intervieram oralmente. Constatou-se, ainda, que nas aulas em que não existiu um momento exclusivamente dedicado a esta atividade, o número de questões escritas pelos alunos foi menor do que o obtido nas aulas em que aquele tempo foi disponibilizado. Estes dados sugerem que a criação de momentos de escrita de questões permite aumentar a participação dos alunos, o que foi já anteriormente defendido por vários autores. Também os momentos de trabalho em grupo constituíram um espaço importante para a exploração das ideias dos alunos, o que se tornou visível pela grande atividade dentro dos grupos, com apresentação de argumentos, construção conjunta de conhecimentos e, sobretudo, pela variedade de propostas que surgiram como forma de dar resposta a questões idênticas das fichas de trabalho. De facto, constatou-se que um maior número de alunos participava nas discussões em turma, quando estas se seguiam aos momentos de trabalho em grupo, do que quando eram realizadas após a exposição dos temas programáticos. Em suma, o que estas constatações sugerem é que a inclusão de momentos de trabalho autónomo, com a possibilidade de trocar ideias com os colegas, pode contribuir para aumentar a motivação dos alunos para intervir na aula. A recolha de questões forneceu informação acerca de falhas no conhecimento e dúvidas implícitas e explicitas na expressão escrita dos alunos, o que corrobora os resultados encontrados por outros estudos. Da mesma forma, a análise do discurso oral dos alunos e das suas respostas escritas constituiu uma fonte de informação importante relativamente àqueles aspetos. A reflexão sobre estas permitiu à professora-investigadora fazer ajustes e planear estratégias adequadas à melhoraria dos aspetos em que foram identificados problemas. O uso das ‘produções’ escritas e orais dos alunos para discussão em aulas posteriores constituiu uma forma de promover interações aluno-aluno, permitiu aceder às dúvidas de outros alunos, que se identificaram com as ideias expressas nas questões escritas, respostas escritas e manifestações orais dos seus colegas, e ajudou a integrar os alunos na gestão do processo de ensino e aprendizagem. No que diz respeito à tentativa de estimular os alunos a reformularem as suas respostas, o pedido explícito de reformulação parece aumentar a predisposição dos alunos para fazerem alterações, quando comparado com os casos em que esse pedido não existiu. Estes resultados sugerem que esta estratégia tem a potencialidade de favorecer a reflexão dos alunos sobre as suas próprias ideias. No final da dissertação, apresentam-se as limitações deste estudo e propõem-se sugestões para melhorar e aprofundar as estratégias implementadas.

Beyond the artefact and techno-centricity: towards process-centric understanding of architecture - alternative facilitation strategies and proposals

The artefact and techno-centricity of the research into the architecture process needs to be counterbalanced by other approaches. An increasing amount of information is collected and used in the process, resulting in challenges related to information and knowledge management, as this research evidences through interviews with practicing architects. However, emerging technologies are expected to resolve many of the traditional challenges, opening up new avenues for research. This research suggests that among them novel techniques addressing how architects interact with project information, especially that indirectly related to the artefacts, and tools which better address the social nature of work, notably communication between participants, become a higher priority. In the fields associated with the Human Computer Interaction generic solutions still frequently prevail, whereas it appears that specific alternative approaches would be particularly in demand for the dynamic and context dependent design process. This research identifies an opportunity for a process-centric and integrative approach for architectural practice and proposes an information management and communication software application, developed for the needs discovered in close collaboration with architects. Departing from the architects’ challenges, an information management software application, Mneme, was designed and developed until a working prototype. It proposes the use of visualizations as an interface to provide an overview of the process, facilitate project information retrieval and access, and visualize relationships between the pieces of information. Challenges with communication about visual content, such as images and 3D files, led to a development of a communication feature allowing discussions attached to any file format and searchable from a database. Based on the architects testing the prototype and literature recognizing the subjective side of usability, this thesis argues that visualizations, even 3D visualizations, present potential as an interface for information management in the architecture process. The architects confirmed that Mneme allowed them to have a better project overview, to easier locate heterogeneous content, and provided context for the project information. Communication feature in Mneme was seen to offer a lot of potential in design projects where diverse file formats are typically used. Through empirical understanding of the challenges in the architecture process, and through testing the resulting software proposal, this thesis suggests promising directions for future research into the architecture and design process.

Control design for multicast-aware class-based networks

The expectations of citizens from the Information Technologies (ITs) are increasing as the ITs have become integral part of our society, serving all kinds of activities whether professional, leisure, safety-critical applications or business. Hence, the limitations of the traditional network designs to provide innovative and enhanced services and applications motivated a consensus to integrate all services over packet switching infrastructures, using the Internet Protocol, so as to leverage flexible control and economical benefits in the Next Generation Networks (NGNs). However, the Internet is not capable of treating services differently while each service has its own requirements (e.g., Quality of Service - QoS). Therefore, the need for more evolved forms of communications has driven to radical changes of architectural and layering designs which demand appropriate solutions for service admission and network resources control. This Thesis addresses QoS and network control issues, aiming to improve overall control performance in current and future networks which classify services into classes. The Thesis is divided into three parts. In the first part, we propose two resource over-reservation algorithms, a Class-based bandwidth Over-Reservation (COR) and an Enhanced COR (ECOR). The over-reservation means reserving more bandwidth than a Class of Service (CoS) needs, so the QoS reservation signalling rate is reduced. COR and ECOR allow for dynamically defining over-reservation parameters for CoSs based on network interfaces resource conditions; they aim to reduce QoS signalling and related overhead without incurring CoS starvation or waste of bandwidth. ECOR differs from COR by allowing for optimizing control overhead minimization. Further, we propose a centralized control mechanism called Advanced Centralization Architecture (ACA), that uses a single state-full Control Decision Point (CDP) which maintains a good view of its underlying network topology and the related links resource statistics on real-time basis to control the overall network. It is very important to mention that, in this Thesis, we use multicast trees as the basis for session transport, not only for group communication purposes, but mainly to pin packets of a session mapped to a tree to follow the desired tree. Our simulation results prove a drastic reduction of QoS control signalling and the related overhead without QoS violation or waste of resources. Besides, we provide a generic-purpose analytical model to assess the impact of various parameters (e.g., link capacity, session dynamics, etc.) that generally challenge resource overprovisioning control. In the second part of this Thesis, we propose a decentralization control mechanism called Advanced Class-based resource OverpRovisioning (ACOR), that aims to achieve better scalability than the ACA approach. ACOR enables multiple CDPs, distributed at network edge, to cooperate and exchange appropriate control data (e.g., trees and bandwidth usage information) such that each CDP is able to maintain a good knowledge of the network topology and the related links resource statistics on real-time basis. From scalability perspective, ACOR cooperation is selective, meaning that control information is exchanged dynamically among only the CDPs which are concerned (correlated). Moreover, the synchronization is carried out through our proposed concept of Virtual Over-Provisioned Resource (VOPR), which is a share of over-reservations of each interface to each tree that uses the interface. Thus, each CDP can process several session requests over a tree without requiring synchronization between the correlated CDPs as long as the VOPR of the tree is not exhausted. Analytical and simulation results demonstrate that aggregate over-reservation control in decentralized scenarios keep low signalling without QoS violations or waste of resources. We also introduced a control signalling protocol called ACOR Protocol (ACOR-P) to support the centralization and decentralization designs in this Thesis. Further, we propose an Extended ACOR (E-ACOR) which aggregates the VOPR of all trees that originate at the same CDP, and more session requests can be processed without synchronization when compared with ACOR. In addition, E-ACOR introduces a mechanism to efficiently track network congestion information to prevent unnecessary synchronization during congestion time when VOPRs would exhaust upon every session request. The performance evaluation through analytical and simulation results proves the superiority of E-ACOR in minimizing overall control signalling overhead while keeping all advantages of ACOR, that is, without incurring QoS violations or waste of resources. The last part of this Thesis includes the Survivable ACOR (SACOR) proposal to support stable operations of the QoS and network control mechanisms in case of failures and recoveries (e.g., of links and nodes). The performance results show flexible survivability characterized by fast convergence time and differentiation of traffic re-routing under efficient resource utilization i.e. without wasting bandwidth. In summary, the QoS and architectural control mechanisms proposed in this Thesis provide efficient and scalable support for network control key sub-systems (e.g., QoS and resource control, traffic engineering, multicasting, etc.), and thus allow for optimizing network overall control performance.

The Jordan canonical form for a class of weighted directed graphs

Recently, Cardon and Tuckfield (2011) [1] have described the Jordan canonical form for a class of zero-one matrices, in terms of its associated directed graph. In this paper, we generalize this result to describe the Jordan canonical form of a weighted adjacency matrix A in terms of its weighted directed graph.