Alternative techniques for Raman amplification in telecommunications

O presente trabalho centra-se no estudo dos amplificadores de Raman em fibra ótica e suas aplicações em sistemas modernos de comunicações óticas. Abordaram-se tópicos específicos como a simulação espacial do amplificador de Raman, a equalização e alargamento do ganho, o uso de abordagens híbridas de amplificação através da associação de amplificadores de Raman em fibra ótica com amplificadores de fibra dopada com Érbio (EDFA) e os efeitos transitórios no ganho dos amplificadores. As actividades realizadas basearam-se em modelos teóricos, sendo os resultados validados experimentalmente. De entre as contribuições mais importantes desta tese, destaca-se (i) o desenvolvimento de um simulador eficiente para amplificadores de Raman que suporta arquitecturas de bombeamento contraprogantes e bidirecionais num contexto com multiplexagem no comprimento de onda (WDM); (ii) a implementação de um algoritmo de alocação de sinais de bombeamento usando a combinação do algoritmo genético com o método de Nelder- Mead; (iii) a apreciação de soluções de amplificação híbridas por associação dos amplificadores de Raman com EDFA em cenários de redes óticas passivas, nomeadamente WDM/TDM-PON com extensão a região espectral C+L; e (iv) a avaliação e caracterização de fenómenos transitórios em amplificadores para tráfego em rajadas/pacotes óticos e consequente desenvolvimento de soluções de mitigação baseadas em técnicas de clamping ótico.

Beyond the artefact and techno-centricity: towards process-centric understanding of architecture - alternative facilitation strategies and proposals

The artefact and techno-centricity of the research into the architecture process needs to be counterbalanced by other approaches. An increasing amount of information is collected and used in the process, resulting in challenges related to information and knowledge management, as this research evidences through interviews with practicing architects. However, emerging technologies are expected to resolve many of the traditional challenges, opening up new avenues for research. This research suggests that among them novel techniques addressing how architects interact with project information, especially that indirectly related to the artefacts, and tools which better address the social nature of work, notably communication between participants, become a higher priority. In the fields associated with the Human Computer Interaction generic solutions still frequently prevail, whereas it appears that specific alternative approaches would be particularly in demand for the dynamic and context dependent design process. This research identifies an opportunity for a process-centric and integrative approach for architectural practice and proposes an information management and communication software application, developed for the needs discovered in close collaboration with architects. Departing from the architects’ challenges, an information management software application, Mneme, was designed and developed until a working prototype. It proposes the use of visualizations as an interface to provide an overview of the process, facilitate project information retrieval and access, and visualize relationships between the pieces of information. Challenges with communication about visual content, such as images and 3D files, led to a development of a communication feature allowing discussions attached to any file format and searchable from a database. Based on the architects testing the prototype and literature recognizing the subjective side of usability, this thesis argues that visualizations, even 3D visualizations, present potential as an interface for information management in the architecture process. The architects confirmed that Mneme allowed them to have a better project overview, to easier locate heterogeneous content, and provided context for the project information. Communication feature in Mneme was seen to offer a lot of potential in design projects where diverse file formats are typically used. Through empirical understanding of the challenges in the architecture process, and through testing the resulting software proposal, this thesis suggests promising directions for future research into the architecture and design process.

Error correcting codes for visible light communication systems

Over the past few years, the number of wireless networks users has been increasing. Until now, Radio-Frequency (RF) used to be the dominant technology. However, the electromagnetic spectrum in these region is being saturated, demanding for alternative wireless technologies. Recently, with the growing market of LED lighting, the Visible Light Communications has been drawing attentions from the research community. First, it is an eficient device for illumination. Second, because of its easy modulation and high bandwidth. Finally, it can combine illumination and communication in the same device, in other words, it allows to implement highly eficient wireless communication systems. One of the most important aspects in a communication system is its reliability when working in noisy channels. In these scenarios, the received data can be afected by errors. In order to proper system working, it is usually employed a Channel Encoder in the system. Its function is to code the data to be transmitted in order to increase system performance. It commonly uses ECC, which appends redundant information to the original data. At the receiver side, the redundant information is used to recover the erroneous data. This dissertation presents the implementation steps of a Channel Encoder for VLC. It was consider several techniques such as Reed-Solomon and Convolutional codes, Block and Convolutional Interleaving, CRC and Puncturing. A detailed analysis of each technique characteristics was made in order to choose the most appropriate ones. Simulink models were created in order to simulate how diferent codes behave in diferent scenarios. Later, the models were implemented in a FPGA and simulations were performed. Hardware co-simulations were also implemented to faster simulation results. At the end, diferent techniques were combined to create a complete Channel Encoder capable of detect and correct random and burst errors, due to the usage of a RS(255,213) code with a Block Interleaver. Furthermore, after the decoding process, the proposed system can identify uncorrectable errors in the decoded data due to the CRC-32 algorithm.