Characterization of water-soluble organic matter from urban aerosols

Water-soluble organic matter (WSOM) from atmospheric particles comprises a complex array of molecular structures that play an important role on the physic-chemical properties of atmospheric particles and, therefore, are linked to several global-relevant atmospheric processes which impact the climate and public health. Due to the large variety of sources and formation processes, adequate knowledge on WSOM composition and its effects on the properties of atmospheric aerosol are still limited. Therefore, this thesis aims at providing new insights on the molecular composition of WSOM from fine atmospheric aerosols typical of an urban area (Aveiro, Portugal). In a first step, adsorption phenomena of semivolatile organic compounds on quartz fibre filters employed in the collection of atmospheric aerosols were assessed. Afterwards, atmospheric aerosol samples were collected during fifteen months, on a weekly basis. A mass balance of aerosol samples was performed in order to set the relative contribution of elemental carbon, WSOM and water-insoluble organic matter to the aerosol mass collected at the urban area of Aveiro, with a special focus on the assessment of the influence of different meteorological conditions. In order to assess the chemical complexity of the WSOM from urban aerosols, their structural characteristics were studied by means of Fourier transform infrared infrared - Attenuated Total Reflectance (FTIR-ATR) and solid-state cross polarization with magic angle spinning 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (CPMAS 13C NMR) spectroscopies, as well as their elemental composition. The structural characterization of aerosol WSOM samples collected in the urban area highlighted a highly complex mixture of functional groups. It was concluded that aliphatic and aromatic structures, hydroxyl groups and carboxyl groups are characteristic to all samples. The semi-quantitative assessment of the CPMAS 13C NMR data showed different distributions of the various functional groups between the aerosol samples collected at different seasons. Moreover, the presence of signals typical of lignin-derived structures in both CPMAS 13C NMR and FTIR-ATR spectra of the WSOM samples from the colder seasons, highlights the major contribution of biomass burning processes in domestic fireplaces, during low temperature conditions, into the bulk chemical properties of WSOM from urban aerosols. A comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC x LC) method, on-line coupled to a diode array, fluorescence, and evaporative light scattering detectors, was employed for resolving the chemical heterogeneity of the aerosol WSOM samples and, simultaneously, to map the hydrophobicity versus the molecular weight distribution of the samples. The LC x LC method employed a mixed-mode hydrophilic interaction column operating under aqueous reversed phase mode in the first dimension, and a size-exclusion column in the second dimension, which was found to be useful for separating the aerosol WSOM samples into various fractions with distinct molecular weight and hydrophobic features. The estimative of the average molecular weight (Mw) distribution of the urban aerosol WSOM samples ranged from 48 to 942 Da and from 45 to 1241 Da in terms of UV absorption and fluorescence detection, respectively. Findings suggest that smaller Mw group fractions seem to be related to a more hydrophobic nature.

Psycho-physio dynamics in violin-piano duo: a pianist's perspective

The case study looked at psychological and physiological responses to stress in musicians, comparing a newly formed and a consolidated violin-piano duo. The common element between these duos was the pianist. Using the psychological tests (STAI Y1 and Y2, K-MPAI, MMPI-2, ICAC), the immunoassay saliva test to measure cortisol (stress hormone) and non- invasive device VitalJacket® developed at the University of Aveiro, Portugal, participants were monitored under various performance conditions. Others quantitative and qualitative dataset were collected including a pianist’s personal diary (analyzed by psychiatrist), semi-structured interviews with members of long-terms chamber music duo and perceptual evaluations (listening test) of the performances by expert listeners. The variables included two performance venues (European university and secondary school), as well as well-known repertoire, recently known repertoire and newly known repertoire. The latter was given approximately one week before each recital. The psychological and physiological dataset were collected for a total of eight recitals – two series of four recitals each. The unexpected results show that state anxiety levels and stress of the pianist, who does not present an anxious profile, either in social or in musical terms, are always higher when playing with a well-known partner. Possible explanations may be due to the highest expectations for quality of performance and implications of mirror neurons (since the reactions are very different according to the partner). In other words, the “known” (i.e., the consolidated duo) can become “trapped” within a predetermined space, especially at the psychological level, while the “unknown” (the occasional duo) seems to be less involved and therefore more reassuring and exciting in positive terms. In addition, the preference of the expert audience is for the consolidated duo.

Photodegradation of sertraline by solar radiation and influencing factors

Photodegradation is considered to be one of the most important processes of elimination of pharmaceutical drugs from natural water matrices. The high consumption and discharge of these substances, in particular antidepressants, to the aquatic environment supports the need to study degradation processes. This dissertation aimed at studying the direct and indirect photodegradation of sertraline, an antidepressant known for its persistence in the environment, and the evaluation of the influence of environmentally relevant factors in its photodegradation. The photodegradation experiments were developed under simulated solar light and the irradiation times converted to summer sunny days (SSD), an equivalent time in natural environmental conditions. The direct photodegradation was evaluated in solutions of sertraline prepared in ultrapure water and the indirect photodegradation was studied through the addition of photosensitizers (humic substances, Fe(III), nitrates and oxygen). Further irradiation studies were perfomed in aqueous samples collected from two wastewater treatment plants, Vouga river and Ria de Aveiro. The samples were chemically characterized (dissolved organic carbon, nitrates and nitrites and iron determination and UV/Vis spectroscopy). The quantification of sertraline was done by HPLC-UV and photoproducts from direct photodegradation were identified by electrospray mass spectrometry. An observed direct photodegradation rate of sertraline of 0.0062 h-1 was determined, corresponding to a half-life time of 111 h (equivalent to 29 SSD). A significant influence of photosensitizers was observed, the best results being achieved in irradiations of sertraline with humic acids, obtaining a half-life time of 12 h. This was attributed to the hydrophobicity of this substance and higher absortivity in the UV/Vis wavelength, which promote processes of indirect photodegradation. The degradation of sertraline in natural samples was also enhanced comparatively to the direct photodegradation, achieving half-life times between 10 and 25h; the best results were achieved in samples from the primary treatment of a wastewater treatment plant and Ria de Aveiro, with half-life times of 10 and 16 h, respectively. A total of six photoproducts formed during the direct photodegradation of sertraline were identified, three of which were not yet identified in the literature. The main factors contributing to the degradation of sertraline were analysed but this was not fully accomplished, requiring further studies of the composition of the natural matrices and the combined influence of distinct photosensitizers during the irradiation. Nevertheless, it was concluded that the photodegradation of sertraline is greatly influenced by indirect photodegradation processes, promoted by the presence of photosensitizers.

Exploring hydrocarbonoclastic bacterial communities in the estuarine surface microlayer

Bacteria that degrade polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the estuarine surface microlayer (SML) of the Ria de Aveiro, Portugal—which is chronically polluted with oil hydrocarbons (OH)—were isolated and characterized; Pseudomonas was dominant among the PAH-degrading bacteria. Screening for PAH dioxygenase genes detected almost identical nahAc genes (encoding the alpha subunits of naphthalene dioxygenase) in 2 phylogenetically distinct isolates: Pseudomonas sp. and an unknown species of the family Enterobacteriaceae; this suggested that horizontal transfer of nah genes might be involved in PAH degradation in the SML. We also investigated the effect of PAH contamination on the spatial variability of the bacterioneuston along a gradient of pollution in the estuarine system of the Ria de Aveiro. Culture-independent techniques—fluorescence in situ hy - bridization (FISH) and denaturing-gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE)—revealed a similar structure among the bacterioneuston communities along the estuary. In contrast, we detected differences in the relative abundance and diversity of organisms of the Gammaproteobacteria, including those of the genus Pseudomonas (which belongs to the Gammaproteobacteria). This is the first insight into the hydrocarbonoclastic bacterial communities in the SML of an estuarine area polluted with hydrocarbons. Our findings highlight the importance of SML-adapted hydrocarbonoclastic bacterioneuston as a potential source of new PAH-degrading bacteria (including new pseudomonads) with potential use in the bioremediation of hydrocarbon-polluted ecosystems.

Inputs from a mercury-contaminated lagoon: impact on the nearshore waters of the Atlantic Ocean

Ria de Aveiro, a Portuguese coastal lagoon that exchanges water with the Atlantic Ocean, received the effluent from a chlor-alkali industry for over 50 years; consequently several tons of mercury had been buried in the sediments of an inner basin. To assess the importance (and seasonal variation) of the lagoon waters as carriers of mercury to the nearby coastal area, we measured total mercury levels in several compartments: in surface sediments, in surface and deep waters (including dissolved and particulate matter!, and in biota. Dissolved (reactive and total) mercury concentrations both in surface and deep waters were low (<1 to 15 ng L '). Mean mercury values in suspended particulate matter varied hetween 0.2 and 0.6 jxg g ' and in sediments between 1 and 9 ng g '. Aquatic organisms displayed levels below regulatory limits but exhibited some bioaccumulation of mercury, with concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 0.8 ^ig g ' Idry weight (dw)|. No seasonal pattern was found in this study for mercury-related determinations. Levels found in the estuary mouth during ebb tide provide evidence for the transport of mercury to the coastal zone. No significant changes in the partition of mercury between dissolved and particulate phases were found in the coastal waters in comparison with the values found in the estuary mouth. In spite of the high levels of mercury found inside some areas of the lagoon, the wide web of islands and channels allows some spreading of contaminants before they reach the coastal waters. Moreover, the low efficiency of local marine sediments in trapping mercury contributes to a dilution of mercury transported in suspended particulate matter over a broader area, reducing the impact in the nearby manne coastal zone.

A internacionalização de PMEs apoiada pela AIDA e um estudo do impacto de atributos de CEOs na internacionalização

O Distrito de Aveiro caracteriza-se pelo seu extenso tecido empresarial, cada vez mais consciente da importância da internacionalização. Os dados recolhidos e posteriormente analisados, permitiram concluir que entidades como a AIDA (Associações Empresariais) devem promover a internacionalização de PME com um reduzido grau de internacionalização. Desta forma, este tipo de entidades aumentarão o alcance de PMEs ao nível da divulgação e acesso facilitado a informações sobre apoios à internacionalização, assim como a informações sobre os diversos mercados de interesse para as PME. O presente trabalho também estudou o impacto de atributos de CEOs na internacionalização de PMEs. Para o seu desenvolvimento foi utilizada uma amostra de três Micro, Pequenas e Médias Empresas do Distrito de Aveiro. Os resultados, que foram obtidos pela metodologia qualitativa através de entrevistas semiestruturadas e outras informações recolhidas nas respetivas empresas, mostram evidência que: os atributos dos CEOs analisados (Idade, Nível Educacional e Experiência Internacional) relacionados com o grau de internacionalização das empresas, permitiram uma validação das hipóteses colocadas na revisão de literatura. Conclui-se, através deste estudo exploratório, que a idade [mais avançada] do CEO tem um impacto negativo na internacionalização de uma PME; que o nível educacional [mais elevado] do CEO tem um impacto positivo na internacionalização de uma PME; e, ainda, que a [maior] experiência internacional do CEO tem um impacto positivo na internacionalização de uma PME.

Isolation and structural characterization of fucoidans from the brown algae Fucus vesiculosus

agricultural, pharmaceutical, cosmetic or bioenergy applications. They contain bioactive compounds, namely, polysaccharides Fucoidan. These polysaccharides are mainly constituted by fucose residues and sulfate esters, and have been reported to possess a broad variety of bioactivities, such as anticoagulant, anti-thrombotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, antiviral and antioxidant. In this work, the fucoidans from brown seaweed Fucus vesiculosus from “Ria de Aveiro” were isolated and characterized in order to add value to this natural resource of the region. The polysaccharides from the algae were extracted with hot water and fractioned by ethanol precipitation and calcium chloride salts. They were further purified by using anion-exchange chromatography, allowing to separate the neutral polysaccharides (laminaranas) from those negatively charged (sulfated fucoidans and alginate). The purified polysaccharides showed high content of fucose (41 mol%) and sulfates (50 mol%), having also galactose residues (6 mol%), which confirm the presence of only sulfated fucoidans. Glycosidic linkages analysis show the presence of high amounts of terminal fucose (25%) and (1→3,4)-Fuc (26%), allowing to infer that the fucoidans were highly branched. These fucoidans are composed also by (1→2)-Fuc (14%) and (1→3)-Fuc linkages (10-16%). In this work it was also tested an alternative extraction technology, the microwave hydrodiffusion and gravity system, where it was possible to extract sugars, although in low yields. However, this methodology allowed to extract polysaccharides, constituted mainly by fucose and uronic acids, as well as mannitol, without the need to add any solvent, obtaining at the end the dry alga. The current work allowed to characterize the structure of the fucoidans isolated from “Ria de Aveiro” F. vesiculosus. The presence of high content of sulfate residues and the high branch degree of the purified fucoidans allow to infer that these polysaccharides could have potential to be studied for biomedical applications, according to their biological activities.

European student mobility and intercultural learning at a portuguese university

The purpose of this study is to understand, impact and evaluate the development of intercultural communicative competencies among European credit-seeking exchange students and other sojourners through purposeful intercultural pedagogy. This pedagogy encompasses intentional intercultural- educational approaches which aim to support and enhance sojourners’ intercultural learning throughout the study abroad cycle (pre-departure, in-country and reentry phases). To test and validate these pedagogies a 20-hour intervention was designed and implemented among two cohorts of 31 sojourners during the in-country phase of their sojourn in Portugal. The process to develop and validate the intercultural intervention was driven by a mixed-methods methodology which combined quantitative and qualitative data to triangulate, complement and expand research results from a pragmatic stance. The mixed methods research design adopted is multi-phased and encompasses a multi-case study and an evaluative component. The multi-case component is embodied by sojourner cohorts: (1) the primary case study involves 19 incoming students at the University of Aveiro (Portugal) as participants in the European exchange program Campus Europae; (2) the second case study comprises three incoming Erasmus students and nine highly skilled immigrants at the same university. All 31 sojourners attended two intermediate Portuguese as Foreign Language classrooms where the intervention was employed. Data collection was extensive and involved collecting, analyzing and mixing quantitative and qualitative strands across four research phases. These phases refer to the: (1) development, (2) implementation and (3) evaluation of the intervention, as well as to (4) a stakeholder analysis of the external value of the intervention and of the Campus Europae program. Data collection instruments included pre and posttest questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. Results confirm the intercultural effectiveness of the intervention and the positive impact upon research participants’ intercultural gains. This impact was, however, greater in case study 2. Among explanatory variables, three stand out: (1) participant meaning-making abilities, (2) host language proficiency and related variables, and (3) type of sojourn or exchange programs. Implications for further research highlight the need to systematize purposeful intercultural pedagogy in sojourner populations in general, and in European credit student mobility in particular. In the latter case, these pedagogies should be part of the design and delivery of credit-bearing exchange programs in pre- departure, in-country and re-entry phases. Implications for practice point to the urge to improve intercultural practices in: macro (higher education institutions), mezzo (exchange programs) and micro (sojourner language classrooms) contexts where this research took place, and wider social scenarios they represent.

O papel do turismo desportivo no desenvolvimento sustentável das áreas costeiras

Atualmente, a rotina sedentária leva a que as pessoas procurem cada vez mais a prática da atividades diferentes, tais como a atividade desportiva, que se torna essencial como fuga a este estilo de vida. O turismo desportivo tem assim crescido nos últimos anos e, por isso, a oferta existente hoje em dia é bastante variada. No entanto, é necessário ter em atenção que o uso dos recursos naturais, muitas vezes na base destas atividades, não deve ser excessivo. Igualmente, a busca pelo desenvolvimento sustentável deve fazer parte dos planos de todos os intervenientes no desenvolvimento dos destinos turísticos. A presente dissertação foca-se num estudo exploratório, com análise qualitativa, com o objetivo de analisar a importância do turismo desportivo na região de Aveiro. Assim, pretende-se compreender se esta atividade pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento da região de Aveiro enquanto destino turístico, garantindo simultaneamente a sustentabilidade das áreas costeiras. Em concreto, esta investigação realizou-se através de um inquérito por entrevista a agentes de oferta de animação turística que oferecem atividades de turismo desportivo. A necessidade de colaboração com a comunidade local e de integração nesta, bem como a urgência de criar parcerias com empresas do mesmo sector, ou até de sectores diferentes, são dois dos pontos essenciais nesta área, que podem conduzir a um desenvolvimento do turismo desportivo nas áreas costeiras, em concreto na região de Aveiro, sem comprometimento da sustentabilidade local.

Curricular training report: 7 months as a study coordinator at Blueclinical LTD

The present report describes in detail the activities undertaken under the coordination of clinical and observational studies during the curricular internship at Blueclinical Ltd., inserted in the Master of Pharmaceutical Biomedicine. Blueclinical Ltd.company operates in three different areas: R&D consultancy, management and coordination of trial centers, and a phase I unit. The curricular internship had the duration of seven months during which I was able to perform different tasks relating to coordination of clinical trials in Centro Hospitalar do Baixo Vouga, E.P.E., (CHBV) in Aveiro, Portugal. This academic internship allowed me to develop theoretical and practical skills in the field of clinical trials and observational studies. I also had the opportunity to further the knowledge I gained throughout my academic journey. During this internship, I had the opportunity to interact with different health professionals and develop my knowledge in the field of several therapeutic indications. I also could interact with distinct monitors and sponsors. This experience allowed me to improve time management, communication and problems resolution skills.

Ansiedade na performance musical: estudo de caso com a Orquestra Filarmonia das Beiras

A ansiedade na performance musical (APM) é um distúrbio que afeta alguns músicos independentemente da sua idade, experiência, dedicação ou tipo de instrumento. A APM se faz presente em músicos de orquestras, coros e solistas e surge como um fenômeno fisiológico, psicológico, cognitivo e emocional. Este trabalho consiste em uma pesquisa acerca da ansiedade na performance musical em uma orquestra portuguesa. Através da aplicação do questionário STAI-Y comparou-se como 36 músicos da Orquestra Filarmonia das Beiras se sentiram antes do concerto (ansiedade-estado) e em uma situação geral (ansiedade-traço). Além disso, correlacionou-se os dados obtidos com dados sobre a população portuguesa. Concluiu-se que os músicos da OFB não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os dois momentos e apresentaram baixos índices de ansiedade-estado e ansiedadetraço comparativamente à população portuguesa.

The eutrophication in the river Vouga basin: impacts on the quality of water for public supply

The aim of this paper is to make a characterization of water quality problems, in the river Vouga, regarding its use for public water supply. The river Vouga basin is located in a mountainous area, draining to the coastal lagoon of the Ria de Aveiro. Other medium size rivers also contribute to the load of pollution entering the estuarine system of the Ria de Aveiro. Two major impacts of the pollution in the river Vouga basin were identified. One is the eutrophication process of the lower reach of the river, including the Ria de Aveiro; the other is the occasional deterioration in the quality of the water abstracted from the medium reach of river Vouga. The causes of this deterioration are related to the enrichment of the river water with organic material. To improve the river water quality, both urban wastewater and agriculture related sources, must be controlled.

Bioremediation of phosphates in seawater: approach for recirculating marine aquaculture effluents

Marine Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) produce great volume of wastewater, which may be reutilized/recirculated or reutilized after undergoing different treatment/remediation methods, or partly discharged into neighbour water-bodies (DWW). Phosphates, in particular, are usually accumulated at high concentrations in DWW, both because its monitoring is not compulsory for fish production since it is not a limiting parameter, and also because there is no specific treatment so far developed to remove them, especially in what concerns saltwater effluents. As such, this work addresses two main scientific questions. One of them regards the understanding of the actual (bio)remediation methods applied to effluents produced in marine RAS, by identifying their advantages, drawbacks and gaps concerning their exploitation in saltwater effluents. The second one is the development of a new, innovative and efficient method for the treatment of saltwater effluents that potentially fulfil the gaps identified in the conventional treatments. Thereby, the aims of this thesis are: (i) to revise the conventional treatments targeting major contaminants in marine RAS effluents, with a particular focus on the bioremediation approaches already conducted for phosphates; (ii) to characterize and evaluate the potential of oyster-shell waste collected in Ria de Aveiro as a bioremediation agent of phosphates spiked into artificial saltwater, over different influencing factors (e.g., oyster-shell pre-treatment through calcination, particle size, adsorbent concentration). Despite the use of oyster-shells for phosphorous (P) removal has already been applied in freshwater, its biosorptive potential for P in saltwater was never evaluated, as far as I am aware. The results herein generated showed that NOS is mainly composed by carbonates, which are almost completely converted into lime (CaO) after calcination (COS). Such pre-treatment allowed obtaining a more reactive material for P removal, since higher removal percentages and adsorption capacity was observed for COS. Smaller particle size fractions for both NOS and COS samples also increased P removal. Kinetic models showed that NOS adsorption followed, simultaneously, Elovich and Intraparticle Difusion kinetic models, suggesting that P removal is both a diffusional and chemically rate-controlled process. The percentage of P removal by COS was not controlled by Intraparticle Diffusion and the Elovich model was the kinetic model that best fitted phosphate removal. This work demonstrated that waste oyster-shells, either NOS or COS, could be used as an effective biosorbent for P removal from seawater. Thereby, this biomaterial can sustain a cost-effective and eco-friendly bioremediation strategy with potential application in marine RAS.

O desenvolvimento dos sistemas de valor do sector segurador em Portugal

A investigação em apreço tem como horizonte de ocorrência o espaço inter-organizacional onde as empresas se relacionam entre si, com os seus fornecedores, canais e Clientes. É pretendido estudar o actual estado das parcerias inter-organizacionais do sector segurador nacional e definir uma estratégia de desenvolvimento integrado dos sistemas de valor. Com base num modelo de análise ancorado na (1) racionalidade económica inscrita na TCE (teoria dos custos de transacção) e (2) na óptica das Capacidades Dinâmicas, é proposto o Modelo GPS (Gestão Integrada de Parcerias) compaginável com uma visão holística e dinâmica. A metodologia de verificação empírica compreendeu (1) recolha de dados através de questionário, dirigido a Companhias e Parceiros e (2) entrevistas semi-estruturadas. A análise descritiva dos dados permitiu validar o modelo GPS e caracterizar um sistema de valor heterogéneo, complexo e diversificado relativamente à natureza e intensidade de relacionamentos. O sistema de relacionamentos foi enquadrado numa escala de maturidade onde foram posicionadas as várias práticas de gestão de parcerias. Actualmente nos seguros estamos perante um sistema mais economic-intensive, transaccional, do que knowledge-intensive. No teste de hipóteses, efectuado com a ferramenta SPSS, assinalam-se as correlações que se esperavam encontrar, bem como as (principais) ausências. De facto, a ausência de vestígios de correlação entre governance social/confiança e colaboração nos seguros não era esperada e constitui uma chamada de atenção para uma dimensão sub-explorada, conducente a um quadro tensional. No final, com base na realidade captada, foram traçadas recomendações de desenvolvimento dos sistemas de valor visando alcançar níveis colaborativos mais eficazes, assentes na força dos laços fortes. Todavia, esta nova narrativa de gestão não é neutral face aos modelos vigentes, implicando algum grau de ruptura. A continuação de especialização em actividades core, desconstruindo de forma (mais) pronunciada a cadeia de valor, secundada por maior níveis de colaboração e socialização entre pares, são elementos constitutivos da realidade futura. Vendo para além da linha do horizonte, os gestores seguradores não podem ficar indiferentes à projecção de uma matriz de fundo de relacionamentos mais colaborativos enquanto terreno fértil de inovação e renovação de fontes de vantagem competitiva.

Novos saberes básicos dos alunos, novas competências dos professores : um estudo no âmbito da supervisão da formação de professores do 1º ciclo do ensino básico na Universidade de Aveiro

As mudanças sociais que, na actualidade, pressionam e desafiam a Escola, nomeadamente quanto aos papéis, funções e desempenho dos professores, implicam a necessidade de repensar a sua formação para que possam responder mais adequadamente aos desafios emergentes. Estes têm particularmente a ver com os novos saberes que essas condições exigem a todos os cidadãos e que são entendidos, do ponto de vista epistemológico, como saberes para agir responsavelmente. Assim, o principal objectivo deste estudo consiste em aprofundar o conhecimento acerca das ambiências e culturas de formação inicial de professores do 1. º Ciclo do Ensino Básico na Universidade de Aveiro, nomeadamente dos processos de supervisão ao nível da disciplina de Prática Pedagógica, tendo em consideração que as características de monodocência dos profissionais deste ciclo de ensino pressupõem um perfil de competência específico. A investigação, de natureza qualitativa, desenvolveu-se de acordo com as abordagens próprias da complexidade e da sistémica, das quais relevamos os princípios da totalidade em que os fenómenos são percebidos como sistemas globais e dinâmicos e da recursividade ao admitirmos a possibilidade de uma relação dialéctica entre os diversos subsistemas considerados. Do ponto de vista metodológico, no sentido de construir uma visão integrada do objecto em estudo, foi utilizado um conjunto de procedimentos específicos (mixed-methods), nomeadamente análise documental, inquirição por questionário e por entrevista semi-estruturada. O questionário foi aplicado à totalidade de licenciados em Ensino do 1.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico pela Universidade de Aveiro, compreendendo o período de 1998 até 2005. A entrevista foi realizada junto de supervisores (cooperantes e institucionais) que vêm acompanhando os núcleos de Prática Pedagógica, no decurso e ao longo do 4.º ano da referida Licenciatura. Quanto aos resultados do estudo, estes podem ser lidos em função de três eixos. Relativamente ao primeiro, que genericamente se refere à evolução dos saberes básicos dos alunos, os contributos parecem sugerir a necessidade de alicerçar os processos de ensino/aprendizagem não apenas nas literacias ler, escrever e contar, como também no desenvolvimento de saberes básicos de natureza geral e transversal, percebidos como competências, tais como aprender a pensar, aprender a aprender, aprender a comunicar e a resolver problemas, numa perspectiva de aprender a ser. O segundo eixo de leitura tem a ver com as competências requeridas aos professores para o desenvolvimento desses saberes estruturantes. De acordo com os dados recolhidos na fase extensiva do estudo, estes parecem coerentes com a revisão de literatura realizada, bem como com os normativos legais que, em Portugal, enquadram o perfil de desempenho dos professores do 1.º Ciclo. Porém, sugerem a necessidade de interligar as dimensões saber, saber-fazer e saber ser, com ênfase nesta última. À semelhança dos resultados referidos no ponto anterior, também o referencial de competências proposto para os professores integra as dimensões saber, saber fazer e saber ser, no qual são valorizadas as competências de reflexão crítica, de aprender a aprender e, de igual forma, o conhecimento profissional nas suas múltiplas dimensões. O terceiro eixo relaciona-se com a qualidade das ambiências e culturas de formação e supervisão. De forma geral, os dados apontam que ambientes que possibilitem uma dimensão de prática curricular alargada em contextos diversificados, que valorizem os princípios da pessoalidade e respeito pelo Outro e que estimulem a reflexão crítica, a auto-implicação dos formandos, o desenvolvimento de competências pessoais e de desenvolvimento profissional (destacando-se as competências para aprender a aprender, a comunicar, a investigar e reflectir), parecem adequar se melhor ao desenvolvimento pessoal e profissional destes professores, no contexto das sociedades contemporâneas. Assim, é possível verificar que os eixos considerados remetem para um conjunto recursivo de saberes e competências que, em diferentes níveis, implicam um compromisso com a acção, numa visão de mundo comprometida com as ideias de bem comum, ou seja, de cidadania universal.