Ultrafast charge-transfer in organic photovoltaic interfaces: geometrical and functionalization effects

Understanding the microscopic mechanisms of electronic excitation in organic photovoltaic cells is a challenging problem in the design of efficient devices capable of performing sunlight harvesting. Here we develop and apply an ab initio approach based on time-dependent density functional theory and Ehrenfest dynamics to investigate photoinduced charge transfer in small organic molecules. Our calculations include mixed quantum–classical dynamics with ions moving classically and electrons quantum mechanically, where no experimental external parameter other than the material geometry is required. We show that the behavior of photocarriers in zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) and C60 systems, an effective prototype system for organic solar cells, is sensitive to the atomic orientation of the donor and the acceptor units as well as the functionalization of covalent molecules at the interface. In particular, configurations with the ZnPc molecules facing on C60 facilitate charge transfer between substrate and molecules that occurs within 200 fs. In contrast, configurations where ZnPc is tilted above C60 present extremely low carrier injection efficiency even at longer times as an effect of the larger interfacial potential level offset and higher energetic barrier between the donor and acceptor molecules. An enhancement of charge injection into C60 at shorter times is observed as binding groups connect ZnPc and C60 in a dyad system. Our results demonstrate a promising way of designing and controlling photoinduced charge transfer on the atomic level in organic devices that would lead to efficient carrier separation and maximize device performance.

Tegument Glycoproteins and Cathepsins of Newly Excysted Juvenile Fasciola hepatica Carry Mannosidic and Paucimannosidic N-glycans

Recently, the prevalence of Fasciola hepatica in some areas has increased considerably and the availability of a vaccine to protect livestock from infection would represent a major advance in tools available for controlling this disease. To date, most vaccine-target discovery research on this parasite has concentrated on proteomic and transcriptomic approaches whereas little work has been carried out on glycosylation. As the F. hepatica tegument (Teg) may contain glycans potentially relevant to vaccine development and the Newly Excysted Juvenile (NEJ) is the first lifecycle stage in contact with the definitive host, our work has focused on assessing the glycosylation of the NEJTeg and identifying the NEJTeg glycoprotein repertoire. After in vitro excystation, NEJ were fixed and NEJTeg was extracted. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation-time of flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) analysis of released N-glycans revealed that oligomannose and core-fucosylated truncated N-glycans were the most dominant glycan types. By lectin binding studies these glycans were identified mainly on the NEJ surface, together with the oral and ventral suckers. NEJTeg glycoproteins were affinity purified after targeted biotinylation of the glycans and identified using liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). From the total set of proteins previously identified in NEJTeg, eighteen were also detected in the glycosylated fraction, including the F. hepatica Cathepsin B3 (FhCB3) and two of the Cathepsin L3 (FhCL3) proteins, among others. To confirm glycosylation of cathepsins, analysis at the glycopeptide level by LC-ESI-ion-trap-MS/MS with collision-induced dissociation (CID) and electron-transfer dissociation (ETD) was carried out. We established that cathepsin B1 (FhCB1) on position N80, and FhCL3 (BN1106_s10139B000014, scaffold10139) on position N153, carry unusual paucimannosidic Man2GlcNAc2 glycans. To our knowledge, this is the first description of F. hepatica NEJ glycosylation and the first report of N-glycosylation of F. hepatica cathepsins. The significance of these findings for immunological studies and vaccine development is discussed.

Immunoassays, optical and electrochemical immunosensorsfor tetrodotoxin determination in puffer fish samples

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a low molecular weight and potent marine neurotoxin which is usually present in some species of puffer fish. TTX selectively binds to voltage-sensitive sodium channels (VSGCs), blocking the influx of sodium into the cell and affecting neural transmission. The bioaccumulation of this toxin in seafood can poses a risk to human safety. With the purpose of achieving cheap, specific and reliable tools to determine TTX in puffer fish samples, a self-assembled dithiol-based immunoassay, an electrochemical immunosensor and an optical Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) immunosensor are proposed. The immunoassay for TTX based on the use of dithiols self-assembled on maleimide-plates (mELISA) has been able to detect as low as 2.28 μg/L of TTX. The effect of different puffer fish matrixes on this mELISA has been quantified and the corresponding correction factors have been established. This
mELISA has enabled to establish the cross-reactivity factors for four TTX analogues: 5,6,11-trideoxy-TTX, 5,6,11-trideoxy-4-anhydro-TTX, 11-nor-TTX-6-ol and 5,11-deoxy-TTX. The crossreactivity factors have also been established by the optical SPR immunosensor previously reported, which had a limit of detection (LOD) of 4.27 μg/L. The mELISA and the SPR immunosensor have then been tested with spiked-puffer fish matrixes, providing an effective
LOD of 0.23 and 0.43 mg/kg respectively, well below the limit set in Japan (2 mg/kg). The mELISA and the SPR immunosensor have also been applied to the analysis of naturally contaminated puffer fish samples, providing similar TTXs contents between techniques and also compared to LC-MS/MS. The suitability of these immunochemical techniques has been demonstrated not only for screening purposes, but also for research activities. Currently, given that dithiols could improve the electron transfer and the sensitivity of an electrochemical assay, the mELISA strategy is being transferred to gold electrodes for the electrochemical detection of TTX and the subsequent development of the multiplexed electrochemical immunosensor.

A boron nitride - graphene - C60 heterostructure

We have fabricated a new van-der-Waals heterostructure composed by BN/graphene/C60. We performed transport measurements on the preliminary BN/graphene device finding a sharp Dirac point at the neutrality point. After the deposition of a C60 thin film by thermal evaporation, we have observed a significant n-doping of the heterostructure. This suggests an unusual electron transfer from C60 into the BN/graphene structure. This BN/graphene/C60 heterostructure can be of interest in photovoltaic applications. It can be used to build devices like p-n junctions, where C60 can be easily deposited in defined regions of a graphene junction by the use of a shadow mask. Our results are contrasted with theoretical calculations.