A stabilization mechanism of zirconia based on oxygen vacancies only

The microscopic mechanism leading to stabilization of cubic and tetragonal forms of zirconia (ZrO2) is analyzed by means of a self-consistent tight-binding model. Using this model, energies and structures of zirconia containing different vacancy concentrations are calculated, equivalent in concentration to the charge compensating vacancies associated with dissolved yttria (Y2O3) in the tetragonal and cubic phase fields (3.2 and 14.4% mol, respectively). The model is shown to predict the large relaxations around an oxygen vacancy, and the clustering of vacancies along the 111 directions, in good agreement with experiments and first principles calculations. The vacancies alone are shown to explain the stabilization of cubic zirconia, and the mechanism is analyzed. (C) 2002 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Electron energy-loss near-edge shape as a probe to investigate the stabilization of yttria-stabilized zirconia

The electron energy-loss near-edge structure (ELNES) at the O K edge has been studied in yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ). The electronic structure of YSZ for compositions between 3 and 15 mol % Y2O3 has been computed using a pseudopotential-based technique to calculate the local relaxations near the O vacancies. The results showed phase transition from the tetragonal to cubic YSZ at 10 mol % of Y2O3, reproducing experimental observations. Using the relaxed defect geometry, calculation of the ELNES was carried out using the full-potential linear muffin-tin orbital method. The results show very good agreement with the experimental O K-edge signal, demonstrating the power of using ELNES to probe the stabilization mechanism in doped metal oxides.

Thickness-induced stabilization of ferroelectricity in SrRuO3/Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3/Au thin film capacitors

Pulsed-laser deposition has been used to fabricate Au/Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3/SrRuO3/MgO thin film capacitor structures. Crystallographic and microstructural investigations indicated that the Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 (BST) had grown epitaxially onto the SrRuO3 lower electrode, inducing in-plane compressive and out- of-plane tensile strain in the BST. The magnitude of strain developed increased systematically as film thickness decreased. At room temperature this composition of BST is paraelectric in bulk. However, polarization measurements suggested that strain had stabilized the ferroelectric state, and that the decrease in film thickness caused an increase in remanent polarization. An increase in the paraelectric-ferroelectric transition temperature upon a decrease in thickness was confirmed by dielectric measurements. Polarization loops were fitted to Landau-Ginzburg-Devonshire (LGD) polynomial expansion, from which a second order paraelectric-ferroelectric transition in the films was suggested at a thickness of similar to500 nm. Further, the LGD analysis showed that the observed changes in room temperature polarization were entirely consistent with strain coupling in the system. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics.

Stabilization of zinc electrodes with a conducting polymer

The reversibility of zinc anode in alkaline medium was enhanced by electrostatic deposition of a conducting polymer (polypyrrole). Electropolymerization of pyrrole onto zinc in aqueous medium using an organic acid as dopant is feasible and preferred as zinc is less corrosive in this medium. The structure of the polymer film was analyzed by FT-IR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The effect of the polypyrrole deposit on the zinc electrode was studied by cyclic voltammetry and charge–discharge cycling.

Stabilization of Ti-molecular sieve catalysts used in selective sulfoxidation reactions by ionic liquids

Sulfoxidation reactions of 4,6-dimethyl-2-methylthiopyrimidine have been performed using titanosilicate catalysts in ionic liquids, dioxane and ethanol. The ionic liquid reactions showed superior reactivity compared with molecular solvents. Moreover, on examination of the recycling of the catalyst, a significant increase in the stability of catalyst was found both in terms of recycling activity and leaching of the titanium from the catalyst. The mechanism by which the ionic liquid reduces the solubilisation of the catalysts is explored.

Stabilization of Mdm2 via decreased ubiquitination is mediated by protein kinase B/Akt-dependent phosphorylation

The tumor suppressor p53 is commonly inhibited under conditions in which the phosphatidylinositide 3'-OH kinase/protein kinase B (PKB) Akt pathway is activated. Intracellular levels of p53 are controlled by the E3 ubiquitin ligase Mdm2. Here we show that PKB inhibits Mdm2 self-ubiquitination via phosphorylation of Mdm2 on Ser(166) and Ser(188). Stimulation of human embryonic kidney 293 cells with insulin-like growth factor-1 increased Mdm2 phosphorylation on Ser(166) and Ser(188) in a phosphatidylinositide 3'-OH kinase-dependent manner, and the treatment of both human embryonic kidney 293 and COS-1 cells with phosphatidylinositide 3'-OH kinase inhibitor LY-294002 led to proteasome-mediated Mdm2 degradation. Introduction of a constitutively active form of PKB together with Mdm2 into cells induced phosphorylation of Mdm2 at Ser(166) and Ser(188) and stabilized Mdm2 protein. Moreover, mouse embryonic fibroblasts lacking PKBalpha displayed reduced Mdm2 protein levels with a concomitant increase of p53 and p21(Cip1), resulting in strongly elevated apoptosis after UV irradiation. In addition, activation of PKB correlated with Mdm2 phosphorylation and stability in a variety of human tumor cells. These findings suggest that PKB plays a critical role in controlling of the Mdm2.p53 signaling pathway by regulating Mdm2 stability.

Note on 'Growth, Cycles, and Stabilization Policy'

This note presents an analysis which generalizes the results reached by Blackburn and Pelloni (2005) on the relationship between short-term stabilization policy and long-term growth by considering both deliberate (internal) and serendipitous (external) learning mechanisms for productivity growth.

Epitaxial strain stabilization of ferroelectric phase in PbZrO3 thin films

PbZrO3/SrRuO3/SrTiO3 (100) epitaxial heterostructures with different thickness of the PbZrO3 (PZO) layer (d(PZO) similar to 5-160 nm) were fabricated by pulsed laser deposition. The ultrathin PZO films (d(PZO) <= 10 nm) were found to possess a rhombohedral structure. On increasing the PZO film thickness, a bulk like orthorhombic phase started forming in the film with d(PZO) similar to 22 nm and became abundant in the thicker films. Nanobeam electron diffraction and room-temperature micro-Raman measurements revealed that the stabilization of the rhombohedral phase of PZO could be attributed to the epitaxial strain accommodated by the heterostructures. Room-temperature polarization vs electric field measurements performed on different samples showed characteristic double hysteresis loops of antiferroelectric materials accompanied by a small remnant polarization for the thick PZO films (dPZO >= 50 nm). The remnant polarization increased by reducing the PZO layer thickness, and a ferroelectric like hysteresis loop was observed for the sample with d(PZO) similar to 22 nm. Local ferroelectric properties measured by piezoresponse force microscopy also exhibited a similar thickness-dependent antiferroelectric-ferroelectric transition. Room-temperature electrical properties observed in the PZO thin films in correlation to their structural characteristics suggested that a ferroelectric rhombohedral phase could be stabilized in thin epitaxial PZO films experiencing large interfacial compressive stress.

Improvement, not stabilization or slowing the decline of ocular disease:The final frontier in treatment

Therapeutic strategies aimed to reverse the pathogenic process, replace diseased tissue, and restore visual function represent the final frontier in treatment of chronic ocular disease. The goal in this approach is improvement, not stabilization or slowing the decline of the disease. Lines of research that can lead to identification of new treatments that could reverse the disease course are reviewed.