CO2 capture and electrochemical conversion using superbasic [P66614][124Triz]

The ionic liquid trihexyltetradecylphosphonium 1,2,4-triazolide, [P66614][124Triz], has been shown to chemisorb CO2 through equimolar binding of the carbon dioxide with the 1,2,4-triazolide anion. This leads to a possible new, low energy pathway for the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to formate and syngas at low overpotentials, utilizing this reactive ionic liquid media. Herein, an electrochemical investigation of water and carbon dioxide addition to the [P66614][124Triz] on gold and platinum working electrodes is reported. Electrolysis measurements have been performed using CO2 saturated [P66614][124Triz] based solutions at −0.9 V and −1.9 V on gold and platinum electrodes. The effects of the electrode material on the formation of formate and syngas using these solutions are presented and discussed.

Facile Synthesis of Anatase TiO2 Quantum-Dot/Graphene-Nanosheet Composites with Enhanced Electrochemical Performance for Lithium-Ion Batteries

A facile method to synthesize well-dispersed TiO₂ quantum dots on graphene nanosheets (TiO₂-QDs/GNs) in a water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion system is reported. The TiO₂/graphene composites display high performance as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), such as having high reversible lithium storage capacity, high Coulombic efficiency, excellent cycling stability, and high rate capability. The excellent electrochemical performance and special structure of the composites thus offer a way to prepare novel graphene-based electrode materials for high-energy-density and high-power LIBs. 

The role of low coverage sodium surface species on electrochemical promotion in a Pt/YSZ system

The effect of sodium-modification on the catalyst and electrocatalytic properties of a platinum catalyst supported on a YSZ solid electrolyte was studied. Increasing the sodium coverage on the catalyst surface appears to block some of the three-phase boundary (tpb) sites and reduces the rate of the charge transfer reaction. The promotion of the platinum surface reaction (ethylene oxidation) seems to a first approximation to be a function of the rate of oxygen supply or removal to or from the surface irrespective of whether this is contaminated by sodium or not (samples with sodium contamination require a higher overpotential to achieve the same current density as a clean sample because of poisoning in the tpb). At high negative polarisations (oxygen removed from the surface) the sodium contaminated samples show a significant increase in rate, possibly due to the decomposition of e.g. sodium hydroxides and carbonates. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.

Electrochemical promotion of a Pt catalyst supported on La 0.6Sr 0.4Co 0.2Fe 0.8O 3 - δ hollow fibre membranes

The use of wireless electrochemical promotion of catalysis (EPOC) of a Pt catalyst supported on a mixed ionic electronic conducting hollow fibre membranes is investigated. This reactor configuration offers high surface areas per unit volume and is ideally suited for scaled-up applications. The MIEC membrane used is the La _0.6Sr _0.4Co _0.2Fe _0.8O ₃ perovskite (LSCF) with a Pt catalyst film deposited on the outer surface of the LSCF membrane. Experimental results showed that after initial catalyst deactivation (in the absence of an oxygen chemical potential difference across the membrane) the catalytic rate can be enhanced by using an oxygen sweep and wireless EPOC can be used for the in situ regeneration of a deactivated catalyst. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.

In situ catalyst activity control in a novel membrane reactor-Reaction driven wireless electrochemical promotion of catalysis

A dual chamber membrane reactor was used in order to study the effect of macroscopically applied oxygen chemical potential differences to a platinum catalyst supported on a mixed oxygen ion and electronic conducting membrane. It is believed that the oxygen chemical potential difference imposed by the use of an oxygen sweep in one of the reactor chambers causes the back-spillover of oxygen species from the support onto the catalyst surface, resulting in the modification of the catalytic activity. The use of different sweep gases, such as ethylene and hydrogen was investigated as the means to reverse the rate modification by removing the spilt over species from the catalyst surface and returning the system to its initial state. Oxygen sweep in general had a positive effect on the reaction rate with rate increases up to 20% measured. Experimental results showed that hydrogen is a more potent sweep gas than ethylene in terms of the ability to reverse rate modification. A 10% rate loss was observed when using an ethylene sweep as compared with an almost 60% rate decrease when hydrogen was used as the sweep gas. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Electrochemical promotion of a platinum catalyst supported on the high-temperature proton conductor La0.99Sr0.01NbO4-δ

The recently discovered, high-temperature proton conductor, La_0.99Sr_0.01NbO_4-δ, was used as a support for the electrochemical promotion of a platinum catalyst. Ethylene oxidation was used as a probe reaction in the temperature range 350-450 °C. Moderate non-Faradaic rate modification, attributable to a protonic promoting species, occurred under negative polarisation; some permanent promotion was also observed. In oxidative atmospheres, both the p_O2 of the reaction mixture and the temperature influenced the type and magnitude of the observed rate modification. Rate-enhancement values of up to ρ = 1.4 and Faradaic-efficiency values approaching Λ = -100 were obtained. Promotion was observed under positive polarisation and relatively dry, oxygen-rich atmospheres suggesting that some oxygen ion conductivity may occur under these conditions. Impedance spectroscopy performed in atmospheres of 4 kPa O₂/N₂ and of 5 kPa H₂/N₂ under dry and slightly humidified (0.3 kPa H₂O) conditions indicated that the electrical resistivity is heavily dominated by the grain-boundary response in the temperature range of the EPOC studies; much lower grain-boundary impedances in the wetter conditions are likely to be attributable to proton transport. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Comparative studies between classic and wireless electrochemical promotion of a Pt catalyst for ethylene oxidation

A comparative study between a classic and a wireless electrochemical promotion experiment was undertaken as a tool towards the better understanding of both systems. The catalytic modification of a platinum catalyst for ethylene oxidation was studied. The catalyst was supported on yttria-stabilised-zirconia (YSZ), a known pure oxide ion conductor, for the classic experiment and La _0.6Sr_0.4Co_0.2Fe_0.8O _3-δ-a mixed oxide ion electronic conductor-was used for the wireless experiment. The two systems showed certain similarities in terms of the reaction classification (in both cases electrophobic behaviour was observed) and the promotion mechanism. Significant difference was observed in the time scales and the reversibility of the induced rate modification. © 2008 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

Electrochemical promotion of catalysis controlled by chemical potential difference across a mixed ionic-electronic conducting ceramic membrane - An example of wireless NEMCA

A La_0.6Sr_0.4Co_0.2F_0.8O₃ mixed ionic electronic conducting (MIEC) membrane was used in a dual chamber reactor for the promotion of the catalytic activity of a platinum catalyst for ethylene oxidation. By controlling the oxygen chemical potential difference across the membrane, a driving force for oxygen ions to migrate across the membrane and backspillover onto the catalyst surface is established. The reaction is then promoted by the formation of a double layer of oxide anions on the catalyst surface. Thelectronic conductivity of the membrane material eliminates the need for an external circuit to pump the promoting oxide ion species through the membrane and onto the catalyst surface. This renders this "wireless" system simpler and more amenable for large-scale practical application. Preliminary experiments show that the reaction rate of ethylene oxidation can indeed be promoted by almost one order of magnitude upon exposure to an oxygen atmosphere on the sweep side of the membrane reactor, and thus inducing an oxygen chemical potential difference across the membrane, as compared to the rate under an inert sweep gas. Moreover, the rate does not return to its initial unpromoted value upon cessation of the oxygen flow on the sweep side, but remains permanently promoted. A number of comparisons are drawn between the classical electrochemical promotion that utilises an external circuit and the "wireless" system that utilises chemical potential differences. In addition a 'surface oxygen capture' model is proposed to explain the permanent promotion of the catalyst activity. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.

Wireless electrochemical modification of catalytic activity on a mixed protonic-electronic conductor

A novel approach to electrochemical modification of catalytic activity using a wireless configuration has been undertaken. This paper presents preliminary results on the modification of a platinum catalyst film supported on a pellet of Sr_0.97Ce_0.9Yb_0.1O_3-δ (SCYb), considered to be a mixed protonic-electronic conductor under reducing conditions. The wireless configuration utilises the mixed ionic and electronic conductivity of the supporting membrane to supply an ionic promoting species to the catalyst surface. Control of the flux of this species is achieved by adjusting the effective hydrogen chemical potential difference across the membrane in a dual-chamber reactor with one chamber acting as the "reaction side" and the other as the "sweep side". The reaction rate can be promoted by up to a factor of 1.6, for temperatures around 500 °C and low reactant concentrations, when hydrogen is introduced on the sweep side of the membrane reactor. The use of helium, moist helium and oxygen in helium as sweep gases did not modify the reaction rate. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Electrochemical promotion of a metal catalyst supported on a mixed-ionic conductor

It has been found that the catalytic activity and selectivity of a metal film deposited on a solid electrolyte could be enhanced dramatically and in a reversible way by applying an electrical current or potential between the metal catalyst and the counter electrode (also deposited on the electrolyte). This phenomenon is know as NEMCA [S. Bebelis, C.G. Vayenas, Journal of Catalysis, 118 (1989) 125-146.] or electrochemical promotion (EP) [J. Prichard, Nature, 343 (1990) 592.] of catalysis. Yttria-doped barium zirconate, BaZr_0.9Y_0.1O_{3 - α} (BZY), a known proton conductor, has been used in this study. It has been reported that proton conducting perovskites can, under the appropriate conditions, act also as oxide ion conductors. In mixed conducting systems the mechanism of conduction depends upon the gas atmosphere that to which the material is exposed. Therefore, the use of a mixed ionic (oxide ion and proton) conducting membrane as a support for a platinum catalyst may facilitate the tuning of the promotional behaviour of the catalyst by allowing the control of the conduction mechanism of the electrolyte. The conductivity of BZY under different atmospheres was measured and the presence of oxide ion conduction under the appropriate conditions was confirmed. Moreover, kinetic experiments on ethylene oxidation corroborated the findings from the conductivity measurements showing that the use of a mixed ionic conductor allows for the tuning of the reaction rate. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Electrochemical promotion of catalysis using solid-state proton-conducting membranes

A solid-state electrochemical reactor with ceramic proton-conducting membrane has been used to study the effect of electrochemically induced hydrogen spillover on the catalytic activity of platinum during ethylene oxidation. Suitable proton-conducting electrolyte membranes (Gd-doped BaPrO ₃ (BPG) and Y-doped BaZrO₃ (BZY)) were fabricated. These materials were chosen because of their protonic conductivity in the operational temperature region of the reaction (400-700 °C). The BZY-based electrochemical cell was used to investigate the open-circuit voltage (OCV) dependence on H₂ partial pressure with comparison being made to the theoretical OCV as predicted by the Nernst equation. Furthermore, the BZY pellets were used to study the effect of proton transfer of the catalytic activity of platinum during ethylene oxidation. The reaction was found to exhibit electrochemical promotion at 400 °C and to be electrophilic in nature, i.e. proton addition to the platinum surface resulted in an increase in reaction rate. At higher temperatures, the rate was not affected, within experimental error, by proton addition or removal. Under similar conditions, AC impedance showed that there was a large overall cell resistance at 400 °C with significantly decreased resistance at higher temperatures. It is possible that there could be a relationship between large cell resistances and the onset of electrochemical promotion in this system but there is, as yet, no conclusive evidence for this. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Preliminary Investigation on the Electrochemical Activity of Butanol Isomers as Potential Fuel for Direct Alcohol Fuel Cell

A preliminary investigation of electrocatalytic oxidation activity ofbutanol isomers has been carried out to study their potential asfuels for direct alcohol fuel cells. The electrochemical study wascarried out on Pt and Pd electrodes using a three electrode cell setup in alkaline media. The primary alcohol isomers of butanol wereobserved to behave similarly in their electrochemical reactionswhereas 2-butanol showed completely different oxidation featureson both catalysts. For example, no poisoning effects were observedfor 2- butanol unlike for the primary butanol isomers. In contrast,tert-butanol did not show any oxidation reaction on Pt and Pdelectrodes. Furthermore, Pd was not active at all in acidic mediafor butanol oxidation. The reactivity of butanol isomers were foundto be in the order n-butanol>iso-butanol>2-butanol>tert-butanolbased on the oxidation current density values.

Carbons, Ionic Liquids, and Quinones for Electrochemical Capacitors

Carbons are the main electrode materials used in supercapacitors, which are electrochemical energy storage devices with high power densities and long cycling lifetimes. However, increasing their energy density capacity will improve their potential for commercial implementation.
In this regard, the use of high surface area carbons and high voltage electrolytes are well known strategies to increase the attainable energy density, and lately ionic liquids have been explored as promising alternatives to current state of the art acetonitrile-based electrolytes. Also, in terms of safety and sustainability ionic liquids are attractive electrolyte materials for supercapacitors. In addition, it has been shown that the matching of the carbon pore size with the electrolyte ion size further increases the attainable electrochemical double layer (ECDL) capacitance and energy density.
The use of pseudocapacitive reactions can significantly increase the attainable energy density, and quinonic-based materials offer a potentially sustainable and cost effective research avenue for both the electrode and the electrolyte.
This perspective will provide an overview of the current state of the art research on supercapacitors based on combinations of carbons, ionic liquids and quinonic compounds, highlighting performances and challenges and discussing possible future research avenues. In this regard, current interest is mainly focused on strategies which may ultimately lead to commercially competitive sustainable high performance supercapacitors for different applications including those requiring mechanical flexibility and biocompatibility.