A contingent valuation of the 2012 London Olympic games - A regional perspective

Major sporting events such as the Olympics are usually assessed in terms of economic impacts. Recently, policy makers have begun to place greater emphasis on possible intangible effects (such as civic pride, legacy of sporting facilities) associated with such events. To date, little work has been carried out on quantifying these effects in a meaningful way. This study uses contingent valuation methodology to assess the value of the proposed 2012 London Olympic Games. The survey is carried out on the provincial city of Bath, approximately 2 hours west of London. Conducting the survey outside of London is justified on the basis that the organizers of London 2012 have emphasized the value of the event to the United Kingdom as a whole. The results suggest that positive intangible effects are associated with the event and residents outside of London are willing to pay toward funding.

Disturbances in social interaction occur along with pathophysiological deficits following sub-chronic phencyclidine administration in the rat.

A sub-chronic administration of phencyclidine to the rat brings about enduring pathophysiological and cognitive changes that resemble some features of schizophrenia. The present study aimed to determine whether the behavioural consequence of this phencyclidine regime extends to a long-term disruption of social interaction that might provide a parallel with some negative symptoms of the disease. Rats were treated with phencyclidine (2mg/kg bi-daily for 1 week) or vehicle followed by a drug-free period. Social interaction was assessed 24h, 1 week, 3 weeks and 6 weeks post-treatment. A long-lasting disturbance of social behaviour was observed in the phencyclidine group, namely more contact and non-contact interaction with an unfamiliar target rat at all time points. Six weeks post-phencyclidine, analysis of brains showed a reduction in expression of parvalbumin immunoreactive neurons in the hippocampus with significant reductions localised to the CA1 and dentate gyrus regions. These results show that sub-chronic phencyclidine produces long-lasting disruptions in social interaction that, however, do not model the social withdrawal seen in patients with schizophrenia. These disturbances of social behaviour may be associated with concurrent pathophysiological brain changes.

Detection of synthetic glucocorticoid residues in cattle tissue and hair samples after a single dose administration using LC-MS/MS

A sensitive and specific liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay for the detection of several synthetic glucocorticoids in kidney, muscle and hair samples of cattle after a single intramuscular injection is described. After a dichloromethane wash of the hair samples, analytes were released from the hair matrix by enzymatic digestion. Muscle samples were also digested enzymatically using proteinase, while kidney samples were deconjugated by Helix pomatia juice. These preliminary steps were followed by a methanol extraction and a solid phase extraction (SPE) clean up step for all matrices. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a Hypersil Hypercarb column and MS/MS data were obtained in the multiple reaction monitoring mode using negative electrospray ionization. The developed protocols were evaluated by assessing residue concentrations in muscle, kidney and hair samples of thirteen calves, treated with a particular intramuscular injection of glucocorticoid. The lowest residue levels were found in muscle samples (approximately 5% of the residue levels in kidney), while high residue levels were obtained in hair samples. Hair is an interesting matrix since the sampling is non-invasive and the drugs may stay incorporated for a longer period of time. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Metabolic effects of sub-chronic ablation of the incretin receptors by daily administration of (Pro(3))GIP and exendin(9-39)amide in obese diabetic (ob/ob) mice

Effects of chemical ablation of the GIP and GLP-1 receptors on metabolic aspects of obesity-diabetes were investigated using the stable receptor antagonists (Pro(3))GIP and exendin(9-39)amide. Ob/ob mice received a daily i.p. injection of saline vehicle, (Pro(3))GIP, exendin(9-39)amide or a combination of both peptides over a 14-day period. Non-fasting plasma glucose levels were significantly (p <0.05) lower in (Pro(3))GIP-treated mice compared to control mice after just 9 days of treatment. (Pro(3))GIP-treated mice also displayed significantly lower plasma glucose concentrations in response to feeding and intraperitoneal administration of either glucose or insulin (p <0.05 to p <0.001). The (Pro(3))GIP-treated group also exhibited significantly (p <0.05) reduced pancreatic insulin content. Acute administration of exendin(9-39) amide immediately prior to re-feeding completely annulled the beneficial effects of sub-chronic (Pro(3))GIP treatment, but non-fasting concentrations of active GLP-1 were unchanged. Combined sub-chronic administration of (Pro(3)GIP) with exendin(9-39)amide revealed no beneficial effects. Similarly, daily administration of exendin(9-39)amide alone had no significant effects on any of the metabolic parameters measured. These studies highlight an important role for GIP in obesity-related forms of diabetes, suggesting the possible involvement of GLP-1 in the beneficial actions of GIP receptor antagonism.

Early administration of the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor antagonist (Pro(3))GIP prevents the development of diabetes and related metabolic abnormalities associated with genetically inherited obesity in ob/ob mice

Aims/hypothesis Ablation of gastric inhibitory polypeptide ( GIP) receptor action is reported to protect against obesity and associated metabolic abnormalities. The aim of this study was to use prediabetic ob/ob mice to examine whether 60 days of chemical GIP receptor ablation with (Pro(3)) GIP is able to counter the development of genetic obesity-related diabetes.

Building on IUCN regional red lists to produce lists of species of conservation priority: a model with Irish bees

A World Conservation Union (IUCN) regional red list is an objective assessment of regional extinction risk and is not the same as a list of conservation priority species. Recent research reveals the widespread, but incorrect, assumption that IUCN Red List categories represent a hierarchical list of priorities for conservation action. We developed a simple eight-step priority-setting process and applied it to the conservation of bees in Ireland. Our model is based on the national red list but also considers the global significance of the national population; the conservation status at global, continental, and regional levels; key biological, economic, and societal factors; and is compatible with existing conservation agreements and legislation. Throughout Ireland, almost one-third of the bee fauna is threatened (30 of 100 species), but our methodology resulted in a reduced list of only 17 priority species. We did not use the priority species list to broadly categorize species to the conservation action required; instead, we indicated the individual action required for all threatened, near-threatened, and data-deficient species on the national red list based on the IUCN's conservation-actions template file. Priority species lists will strongly influence prioritization of conservation actions at national levels, but action should not be exclusive to listed species. In addition, all species on this list will not necessarily require immediate action. Our method is transparent, reproducible, and readily applicable to other taxa and regions.

Algal epiphytes of Zostera marina: Variation in assemblage structure from individual leaves to regional scale

Data from a hierarchical study of four Zostera marina beds in Wales were used to identify the spatial scales of variation in epiphyte assemblages. There were significant within and among bed differences in assemblage structure. The differences in assemblage structure with spatial scale generally persisted when species identifications were aggregated into functional groups. There was also significant within and among bed variability in Zostera density and average length. Local variations in Zostera canopy variables at the quadrat scale (total leaf length, average leaf length and leaf density per quadrat) were not related to epiphyte species richness nor to the structure of the assemblage. In contrast, individual leaf length was significantly related to species richness in two of the beds and the structure of epiphyte assemblages was always related to individual leaf lengths. The absence of links between quadrat scale measurements of canopy variables and assemblage structure may reflect the high turnover of individual Zostera leaves. Experimental work is required to discriminate further between the potential causes of epiphyte assemblage variation within and between beds. No bed represented a refuge where a rare species was abundant. If a species was uncommon at the bed scale, it was also uncommon in beds where it occurred. The heterogeneous assemblages found in this study suggest that a precautionary approach to conservation is advisable.