Annotation of Case C-375/92, Commission v Kingdom of Spain, ECR 1994 I-923, and Case C-45/93, Commission v Kingdom of Spain, ECR 1994 I-911

Failure to fulfil obligations - Freedom to provide services - Tourist guides - Professional qualification required by national rule - Discrimination - Museum admission

Annotation of Case C-56/91, Hellenic Republic v Commission, ECR 1993 I-3433

Common Agricultural Policy - Clearance of EAGGF accounts - 1988 financial year

Annotation of Case C-183/91, Commission v Hellenic Republic, ECR 1993 I-3131

State aid - Tax exemption on earnings from exports - Recovery

Multiple superoxide dismutase 1/splicing factor serine alanine 15 variants are associated with the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy:the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Genetics study

Despite familial clustering of nephropathy and retinopathy severity in type 1 diabetes, few gene variants have been consistently associated with these outcomes.

Micronutrients: dietary intake v. supplement use

Whilst clinical deficiency of micronutrients is uncommon in the developed world, a suboptimal intake of certain micronutrients has been linked with an increased risk of chronic diseases such as CVD and cancer. Attention has therefore focused on increasing micronutrient status in order to theoretically reduce chronic disease risk. Increasing micronutrient status can involve a number of approaches: increasing dietary intake of micronutrient-rich foods; food fortification; use of supplements. Observational cohort studies have demonstrated an association between high intakes of micronutrients such as vitamin E, vitamin C, folic acid and beta-carotene, and lower risk of CHD, stroke and cancer at various sites. However, randomised intervention trials of micronutrient supplements have, to date, largely failed to show an improvement in clinical end points. The discordance between data from cohort studies and the results so far available from clinical trials remains to be explained. One reason may be that the complex mixture of micronutrients found, for example, in a diet high in fruit and vegetables may be more effective than large doses of a small number of micronutrients, and therefore that intervention studies that use single micronutrient supplements are unlikely to produce a lowering of disease risk. Studies concentrating on whole foods (e.g. fruit and vegetables) or diet pattern (e.g. Mediterranean diet pattern) may be more effective in demonstrating an effect on clinical end points. The present review will consider the clinical trial evidence for a beneficial effect of micronutrient supplements on health, and review the alternative approaches to the study of dietary intake of micronutrients.

Low Insertion Loss Substrate Integrated Waveguide Quasi–Elliptic Filters for V- Band Wireless Personal Area Network Applications

Novel V-band substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) filters have been presented. Design procedures for the filters synthesis and mechanisms providing quasi-elliptic response have been explained. The insertion loss of the filters has been measured below 2 dB with microstrip-to-SIW transitions being included.