Ionothermal, microwave-assisted synthesis of indium(III) selenide

Microcrystalline indium(III) selenide was prepared from a diphenyl diselenide precursor and a range of chloroindate(III) ionic liquids via a microwave-assisted ionothermal route; this is the first report on the use of either microwave irradiation or ionic liquids to prepare this material. The influence of the reaction temperature, dilution with a spectator ionic liquid and variation of the cation and the anion of the ionic liquid on the product morphology and composition were investigated. This resulted in a time-efficient and facile one-pot reaction to produce microcrystalline indium(III) selenide. The product formation in the ionic liquids has been monitored using Raman spectroscopy. The products have been characterised using PXRD, SEM and EDX. Advantages of this new route, such as the ease of solubilisation of all reactants into one phase at high concentration, the negligible vapour pressure irrespective of the reaction temperature, very fast reaction times, ease of potential scale-up and reproducibility are discussed.

Investigation of supported IrO2 as electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction in proton exchange membrane water electrolyser

Indium tin oxide (ITO) was used as a support for IrO2 catalyst in the oxygen evolution reaction. IrO2 nanoparticles were deposited in various loading on commercially available ITO nanoparticle, 17–28 nm in size using the Adam's fusion method. The prepared catalysts were characterised using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The BET surface area of the support (35 m2/g) was 3 times lower than the unsupported IrO2 (112.7 m2/g). The surface area and electronic conductivity of the catalysts were predominantly contributed by the IrO2. The supported catalysts were tested in a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) for electrolyser operation. The 90% IrO2-ITO gave similar performance (1.74 V@1 A/cm2) to that of the unsupported IrO2 (1.73 V@1 A/cm2) in the MEA polarisation test at 80 °C with Nafion 115 membrane which was attributed to a better dispersion of the active IrO2 on the electrochemically inactive ITO support, giving rise to smaller catalyst particle and thereby higher surface area. Large IrO2 particles on the support significantly reduced the electrode performance. A comparison of TiO2 and ITO as support material showed that, 60% IrO2 loading was able to cover the support surface and giving sufficient conductivity to the catalyst.

Determining the Effect of Plasma Pre-Treatment on Antimony Tin Oxide to Support Pt@Pd and the Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity

This article reveals the effect of plasma pre-treatment on antimony tin oxide (ATO) nanoparticles. The effect is to allow Pt@Pd to be deposited homogeneously on the ATO surface with high dispersion and narrow particle size distribution. The Pt@Pd core–shell catalyst was prepared using the polyol method and shows a dramatic improvement towards ORR activity and durability.

Re-dispersion of gold supported on a ‘mixed’ oxide support

The ability to reactivate, stabilize and increase the lifetime of gold catalysts by dispersing large, inactive gold nanoparticles to smaller nanoparticles provides an opportunity to make gold catalysts more practical for industrial applications. Previously it has been demonstrated that mild treatment with iodomethane (CH3I) (J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2009, 131, 6973; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2011, 50, 8912) was able to re-disperse gold on carbon and metal oxide supports. In the current work, we show that this technique can be applied to re-disperse gold on a ‘mixed’ metal oxide, namely a mechanical mixture of ceria, zirconia and titania. Characterization was conducted to gage the impact of the iodomethane (CH3I) treatment on a previously sintered catalyst.

High temperature thermal stability studies of ultrathin Al2O3 layers deposited on native oxide and sulphur passivated InGaAs surfaces

High resolution synchrotron radiation core level photoemission measurements have been used to undertake a comparative study of the high temperature stability of ultrathin Al2O3 layers deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) on both sulphur passivated and native oxide covered InGaAs. The residual interfacial oxides between sulphur passivated InGaAs and the ultrathin Al2O3 layer can be substantially removed at high temperature (up to 700 °C) without impacting on the InGaAs stoichiometry while significant loss of indium was recorded at this temperature on the native oxide InGaAs surface.

Enhancement of the Cytotoxic Effect of Anticancer Agent by Cytochrome c Functionalised Hybrid Nanoparticles in Hepatocellular Cancer Cells

Treatment of hepatocellular cancer with chemotherapeutic agents has limited successin clinical practice and their efficient IC50 concentration would require extremely highdoses of drug administration which could not be tolerated due to systemic side effects.In order to potentiate the efficacy of anticancer agents we explored the potentialof co-treatment with pro-apoptotic Cytochrome c which activates the apoptoticpathway downstream of p53 that is frequently mutated in cancer. To this end weused hybrid iron oxide-gold nanoparticles as a drug delivery system to facilitate theinternalisation of Cytochrome c into cultured HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells.Our results showed that Cytochrome c can be easily conjugated to the gold shell ofthe nanoparticles which are readily taken up by the cells. We used Cytochrome cin concentration (0.2μgmL-1) below the threshold required to induce apoptosis onits own. When the conjugate was administered to cells treated by doxorubicin, itsignificantly reduced its IC50 concentration from 9μgmL-1 to 3.5μgmL-1 as detectedby cell viability assay, and the efficiency of doxorubicin on decreasing viability ofHepG2 cells was significantly enhanced in the lower concentration range between0.01μgmL-1 to 5μgmL-1. The results demonstrate the potential of the application oftherapeutic proteins in activating the apoptotic pathway to complement conventionalchemotherapy to increase its efficacy. The application of hybrid iron oxide-goldnanoparticles can also augment the specificity of drug targeting and could serve as amodel drug delivery system for pro-apoptotic protein targeting and delivery.