"Cómo pintar el aire". Fundamentos científicos de la perspectiva atmosférica

La perspectiva aérea o atmosférica es juzgada por los pintores como parte esencial de la pintura, una vez establecidos los presupuestos geométricos de la representación naturalista mediante la perspectiva lineal. Leonardo da Vinci fue el primer autor en definir la perspectiva aérea o atmosférica, conocidos ya a través de L. B. Alberti los fundamentos geométricos de la perspectiva lineal en el tratado De Pictura (1435). Doscientos años después, tras la influyente publicación del Optics de Newton, contextualizadas bajo el espíritu racionalista del siglo XVIII, el artículo estudia las recomendaciones que desde la ciencia y los científicos (específicamente a través de tres figuras relevantes: Brook Taylor, J. H. Lambert y Gaspard Monge) se dan a los pintores con la pretensión de arbitrar una medición exacta del color, en confrontación con el tradicional empirismo del mundo artístico. Este tema puede considerarse un capítulo de gran interés en la larga historia de la pintura y la representación de los fenómenos atmosféricos, cuyos antecedentes teóricos tienen su inicio en el Débat sur le Coloris de la Académie Française del siglo XVII y sus resultados, conducirán hacia el nacimiento de la moderna Teoría del color, en respuesta a una cuestión tan compleja sobre cómo pintar el aire.

A proposal for a corresponsible intervention on sexual harassment at work

Sexual harassment at work is a form of gender violence barely made visible but still present in labor organizations, where it keeps generating high levels of suffering, discrimination and inequality mainly affecting women. To address it properly it is necessary an organizational change towards equity arising from the knowledge of the subjective meanings that stakeholders (staff, union representatives, employers, public administration, etc.) attribute to that reality. In this article we present the main findings of a qualitative study on the social perception of sexual harassment. The work highlights the existence of many strategies aimed at legitimize and minimize the relevance of the problem, blaming the victim, justifying the lack of support from the environment and / or the involvement of the organization in the solutions. Among the conclusions we underline the need for new models of business management involving all stakeholders in the prevention and control of the in a responsible way.

Los debates en torno al ferrocarril en España anteriores a la creación de RENFE: el camino hacia el monopolio de Estado

Desde su nacimiento hasta la caída de la dictadura de Primo de Rivera, el ferrocarril se perfiló como una industria doblemente creadora de riqueza, estimulando por un lado la ya existente e impulsando el desarrollo económico por otro. Ante sus peculiaridades técnicas, económicas y de mercado, los distintos gobiernos adoptaron soluciones intervencionistas de mayor o menor grado. Simultáneamente, en su primer desarrollo, se produjo el abandono del paradigma clásico basado en la libre competencia, lo que derivó en la conversión del ferrocarril en foco de la retórica anti-competencia y de la práctica intervencionista. En este trabajo realizamos un seguimiento del nacimiento y desarrollo del ferrocarril, centrado exclusivamente en la evolución político-económica del sector dentro de la propia evolución histórica, paralela a la vía nacionalista del capitalismo español, y en la descriptiva teórica y práctica del desarrollo del intervencionismo y las restricciones al libre mercado.

Revisión del género Saxifraga L., sect. Dactyloides Tausch en el centro y norte de la Península Ibérica

Hemos llevado a cabo la revisión del género Saxifraga L., sección Dactyloides Tausch (grex Ceratophyllae Willk., Gemmiferae Willk., y Exarato-Moschatae Engler & Itmsch.) del centro y norte de la Península Ibérica, mediante el estudio de caracteres morfológicos, palinológicos y seminológicos, de entre los que destacamos por su valor diagnóstico los siguientes: longitud y anchura máxima de las hojas basilares, longitud del peciolo real de las mismas, número total de segmentos y tipo de segmento central de las hojas basilares, anchura del segmento central de las hojas basilares, presencia-ausencia de mucrón en el ápice foliar, contorno de la lámina de las hojas basilares, forma de los segmentos laterales de la lámina de las hojas basilares, tipo de indumento de las hojas basilares, distribución de los pelos glandulares y número de células de los mismos, clasificación de las hojas en base a la presencia-ausencia de surco, longitud del tallo florífero, mitad apical o basal del tallo florífero cubierta de pelos glandulares, presencia de yemas hibemantes, forma apical de los dientes del cáliz, longitud y anchura de los pétalos, porción del pétalo que sobrepasa al sépalo, longitud y anchura de la semilla y omamentación de la cubierta seminal. Los caracteres estudiados nos han permitido reconocer un total de treinta y tres táxones de los que aportamos datos corológicos, ecológicos y fitosociológicos. Se añade una clave de identificación de todos los táxones objeto de estudio, en la que también se incluyen S. conifera Cosson, S. x martyi Luizet & Soulié, S. pubescens Pourret subsp. pubescens, S. pubescens subsp. iratiana (F.W. Schultz) Engler & Irmsch., y S. vayredana Luizet, los cuales aunque no tratados en nuestra revisión, se distribuyen por el norte de la Península Ibérica.

Datos sobre la alianza Filipendulion ulmariae Segal 1966 en la provincia de León

Se ha estudiado la estructura y composición florística de los herbazales de aspecto megafórbico incluidos en la alianza Filipendulion ulmariae Segal 1966, en los Sectores Ubiñense-Picoeuropeano, Campurriano-Carrionés (Región Eurosiberiana) y Leonés (Región Mediterránea).

Estudio del Cheilanthion hispanicae Rivas Goday 1955 em. Sáenz de Rivas & Rivas-Martínez 1979 y comunidades afines, en el Sector Orensano-Sanabriense (Provincia Carpetano-Ibérico-Leonesa)

Se analiza el comportamiento fitosociológico de las comunidades vegetales caracterizadas por la presencia de los taxones Cheilanthes tinaei Todaro y Ch. hispanica Mett. en el Sector Orensano-Sanabriense (Provincia Carpetano-lbérico-Leonesa), proponiendo para ellas la asociación Linario glabrescentis-Cheilanthetum tinaei y las subasociaciones: Linario glabrescentis-Cheilanthetum tinaei cheilanthetosum hispanicae nova y Linario glabrescentis-Cheilanthetum tinaei cheilanthetosum guanchicae nova.Comentamos brevemente la asociación Phagnalo saxatile-Rumicetum indurati Rivas-Martínez inéd, que contacta topográficamente con la asociación anteriormente propuesta.Se aportan datos sobre el comportamiento fitosociológico de Cheilanthes pteridioides (Reichard) C. Chr.

Notas sobre la vegetación bentónica del litoral de la Península Ibérica. II. Ulva rigida C. Agardh var. fimbriata J. Agardh. en las costas españolas: su variabilidad morfológica y anatómica

Se comenta en esta nota el hallazgo en las costas españolas de Ulva rigida var. fimbriata, ofreciéndose nuevos datos sobre su morfología y caracteres anatómicos, así como su distribución geográfica.

Aportaciones al conocimiento de los hayedos basófilos cantábricos

Con este trabajo se ha tratado de realizar un análisis de loos hayedos basófilos cantábricos, reconociendo la existencia de dos subalianzas: Scillo-Fagenion Obertodfer 1987 y Cephalanthero-Fagenion R. Tx.1995En la subalianza Scillo-Fagenion Oberdorfer 1957 reconocemos la asociación Caria syvaticae-Fagentum (Rias-Martínez 1964) Carmen Navarro 1981. Dentro de la subasociación Carici sylvatiae-Fagenion Pimpinellotosum sufolia nova.En la subalianza Cephalantero-Fagenion reconocemo la asociación Epiapaenes-Fagentun Br-Bl et Susplugar 1937, en cuyo seno proponemos la subasociación Epipactido helleborines-Fagentum laserpitietosum (nesteli) cliasi nova.En cada sintaxon se señalan los aspectos florísticos, dinámicos, corológicos y ecológicos, indicando los pisos bioclimáticos en que tienen su óptimo desarrollo

Analysis of the footprint in school age of 8-10 years old

Biomechanical problems in children, is an important subject currently, existing controversy in different areas, for example, the majority of children have a flattened footprint, or the hypermobility joint is linked to a musculoskeletal pain. The objective of the study was to determine what kind of footprint is most frequent in school-age children (8-10 years) in the area of Plasencia. This was taken as a sign 50 children, of whom 28 were males and 22 females. All the subjects in the study underwent an assessment of footprint planted in static as well as an exploration of different parameters through inspection in a standing position (formula digital, rearfoot). The results show that excavated footprint is present in a 72% cases of the population, 16% was belonging to an excavated footprint in which we find a higher percentage of weight related.For the digital formula we find that the most common is the Egyptian foot by 40% of the cases and that the prevalence in the rearfoot, is a normal hindfoot. In relation with the hypermobility joint, we check that it is more common in girls and that none of them presents an association to musculoskeletal pain. As a future line we could establish a more comprehensive study with new techniques and valuingchild’s statics and dynamics, to have a more accurate study of the different variables in the sample population studied.

Analysis about the society of 'Pa Negre' (Agustí Villaronga, 2010)

This article has developed with the intention of analyzing how the stereotypes, prejudices and lies can influence the education of the children. Formation, that usually comes from family and teachers, who sometimes move for extremist ideologies. There exist multiple fictions in which we observe these social archetypes, but it is the case of the movie Pa negre (Agustí Villaronga, 2010), where the principal personage evolves psychologically, because of that its eyes observe and the ideas that the people transmit him on its family, in the rural environments, where the tradition of the rumors coexists.

Discourses on Modernization in the Employment Public Services: Towards a New Form of Governance?

The “crisis of the social issue” in the EU has led to a certain consensus in the need to renew the organizational and institutional model of public administration. The core of the reform implies important administrative changes in most of the European welfare states. Those changes are inspired on theories such as the new public management, management by objectives or partnership. Such changes involve both semantic (“sharing responsibilities”, “effective costs”, or the substitution of “citizen under an administration” by “consumer”) and political (predominance of scattered forms of power and the individualization of responsibilities) transformations which operate in the framework of individuals and State relations. The paradigms of activation and flexicurity have been central in this public administration modernization project. This commitment with new forms of governance of social issues has important consequences for the political and moral foundations of social cohesion, and the Spanish case is not an exception. This paper aims at looking at those representations of “modernization” (as they appear in debates about the employment services restructuring policies) in detail as well as providing references to the trajectory of such reforms of public services since the early eighties to the beginning of the crisis.

The “re-socialization” of Gypsy women in the literacy courses aimed to the recipients of the Social Integration Revenue Policy of the Region of Madrid

This article studies the gender values that are promoted both in the literacy courses for gypsy women beneficiaries of the Social Integration Revenue Policy of the Region of Madrid and in the events that are organized for this group by public institutions and NGOs. The process of “socialization” that occurs in the educative groups for Gypsy women is focused on constructing an image of what it is to be a “Gypsy modern woman”. Through multiple mechanisms and discursive techniques a specific conception of gender equality is transmitted in these educative spaces. In addition to this, Gypsy women are continually urged to assume certain values and social practices (of gender identity, of "citizenship", of parenting, etc..), while an archetype of "Gypsy Woman" which condenses powerful stereotypes and prejudices about the "Gypsy culture" and the gender relations characteristics of this group is constructed.

Scientifi c discourses on chronic pain without organic cause Incorporating gender perspective for pain resignifyng-repoliticizing

Chronic pain, without any organic or physical cause (DC), which in psycho-medical terminology is known as fi bromyalgia, (FM), is diagnosed each year to a considerable number of women in capitalistic societies. Our main interest in the following paper is to go in depth in the elaboration of this symptom, its treatment and the psychosocial effects, both in the social order as well as in the lives of the people who suffer from it. Our main goal in the following paper is to look deeper in the elaboration (conceptualization) of this symptom, its treatment and psychological affects, both in the social order as well as in the lives of the people who suffer from it, we are using linked speeches in Spanish magazines publications. The result has been the emergence of three hegemonic discourse positions: One position “scientist”, one “therapeutic of the conformity” position and one “economic and legalistic” position. Each of these has a specifi c feature, but on the whole, is enhanced, producing effects such as the absence of social context to explain the disease; disregard of gender differences in the management and treatment; the instrumentalization of pain to legitimize their practices and the subjection of women to the “psycho-biomedical” paradigm. In that way, a new signifi cance and politicization of the concept of pain is proposed.

the social economy as an alternative of self employment. profile of the entrepreneur in the andalusian labour companies

This paper provides a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the profile of the entrepreneur who decides to start business through a labor society in the context of the Autonomous Community of Andalucia. Thus, first the Social Economy is presented as an important alternative to creating and promoting employment, which seeks to combine economic and social objectives in the development of activities. Subsequently, focusing on labor companies, updated its importance in the regional economy for later data and through the analysis of two samples are available, set the attributes or most significant characteristics of these entrepreneurs.

Project evaluation SOU-estuTUtor: mentors’ perception

The introduction of new degrees in the Faculty of Education and the relevance of educational guidance comes to them, as a compulsory subject in all four grades started from 2009-2010, gives the opportunity to return and boost the University Guidance Service (UGS) as a means of consistency with the profile of their education and professional development of its students. The aim of the paper focuses on the evaluation of the results after the first year of implementing a peer mentoring project, SOU-estuTUtor Project, developed from UGS with all degree students of the Faculty of Education for Students new entrants. Program has been evaluated through the perception and satisfaction of the mentors on the organization, training, skills developed and adapted to the needs of students. After one academic year of implementation, the results show, on the one hand, the satisfaction and commitment of those involved and the partial response to the needs of the students served, as well as the optimization of the personal resources of the university but also some limitations that make it necessary to review the mentoring program in terms of control and duration of the process.