Cumplimiento gubernamental y estilos de gobernar. Análisis de los gobiernos de los municipios semi-urbanos de Michoacán, México

Con la construcción y operación de indicadores se calcularon dos índices, uno para determinar el nivel de cumplimiento de los procesos elementales que tienen que realizar los gobiernos de los municipios semiurbanos de Michoacán, y otro para fi jar su estilo de gobernar. El índice de cumplimiento gubernamental muestra que estas municipalidades atienden parcialmente la mayoría de sus labores básicas. Su ejercicio prácticamente se da por inercia. El otro índice muestra que siguen trabajando con la visión tradicional de gobernar. Se trata de un estilo donde el protagonismo del alcalde es alto con nulas prácticas estables de participación social. Correlacionando ambos índices, se puede plantear -hasta cierto punto- que el bajo cumplimiento se debe al estilo de gobernar. Los índices además explican que la posición estratégica de semi-urbanidad no es aprovechada por el gobierno para promover otros estilos de gobernar en busca de mejorar su cumplimiento. Diversos grupos ciudadanos -en estos municipios- han formado gobiernos alternativos que sustituyen al gobierno formal, en otros se han constituido gobiernos paralelos.

Who is in charge? An L2 Discourse Intonation Study on Four Prosodic Parameters to Exert the Pragmatic Function of Dominance and Control in the Context of L2 Non-specialist Public Speaking

This paper reports the findings from a study of the learning of English intonation by Spanish speakers within the discourse mode of L2 oral presentation. The purpose of this experiment is, firstly, to compare four prosodic parameters before and after an L2 discourse intonation training programme and, secondly, to confirm whether subjects, after the aforementioned L2 discourse intonation training, are able to match the form of these four prosodic parameters to the discourse-pragmatic function of dominance and control. The study designed the instructions and tasks to create the oral and written corpora and Brazil’s Pronunciation for Advanced Learners of English was adapted for the pedagogical aims of the present study. The learners’ pre- and post-tasks were acoustically analysed and a pre / post- questionnaire design was applied to interpret the acoustic analysis. Results indicate most of the subjects acquired a wider choice of the four prosodic parameters partly due to the prosodically-annotated transcripts that were developed throughout the L2 discourse intonation course. Conversely, qualitative and quantitative data reveal most subjects failed to match the forms to their appropriate pragmatic functions to express dominance and control in an L2 oral presentation.

Proprioception in ankle sprain from exercises and bandages

Ankle sprains are the most common injuries in sports, usually causing damage to the lateral ligaments. Recurrence has as usual result permanent instability, and thus loss of proprioception. This fact, together with residual symptoms, is what is known as chronic ankle instability, CAI, or FAI, if it is functional. This problem tries to be solved by improving musculoskeletal stability and proprioception by the application of bandages and performing exercises. The aim of this study has been to review articles (meta-analisis, systematic reviews and revisions) published in 2009-2015 in PubMed, Medline, ENFISPO and BUCea, using keywords such as “sprain instability”, “sprain proprioception”, “chronic ankle instability”. Evidence affirms that there does exist decreased proprioception in patients who suffer from CAI. Rehabilitation exercise regimen is indicated as a treatment because it generates a subjective improvement reported by the patient, and the application of bandages works like a sprain prevention method limiting the range of motion, reducing joint instability and increasing confidence during exercise. As podiatrists we should recommend proprioception exercises to all athletes in a preventive way, and those with CAI or FAI, as a rehabilitation programme, together with the application of bandages. However, further studies should be generated focusing on ways of improving proprioception, and on the exercise patterns that provide the maximum benefit.