Water sorption/desorption in polyacid-modified composite resins for dentistry

The water sorption and desorption behaviour of three commercial polyacid-modified composite resins used in clinical dentistry have been studied in detail. Cured specimens of each material were subjected to two successive water uptake cycles in an atmosphere of 93% relative humidity, with one intervening desorption cycle in a desiccating atmosphere over concentrated sulfuric acid. Specimens were found to absorb and desorb water according Fick's law until Mt/M(infinity) values of approximately 0.5. Diffusion rates for uptake varied between cycles, ranging from 2.37-4.53 x 10(-9 )cm(2) s(-1) for 1st cycle to 0.85-2.72 x 10(-8 )cm(2 )s(-1) for 2nd cycle. Desorption rates were similar to those for 2nd cycle sorption, and ranged from 0.86 to 5.47 x 10(-8 )cm(2 )s(-1). Equilibration times for 1st cycle water uptake were greater than for 2nd cycle sorption and for desorption and overall the behaviour of polyacid-modified composites in a high humidity atmosphere was similar to that of conventional composites in water. It is concluded that the hydrophilic components of the former do not bring about an enhanced rate of water transport.

A computational model of coupled heat and moisture transfer with phase change in granular sugar during varying environmental conditions

As part of a comprehensive effort to predict the development of caking in granular materials, a mathematical model is introduced to model simultaneous heat and moisture transfer with phase change in porous media when undergoing temperature oscillations/cycling. The resulting model partial differential equations were solved using finite-volume procedures in the context of the PHYSICA framework and then applied to the analysis of sugar in storage. The influence of temperature on absorption/desorption and diffusion coefficients is coupled into the transport equations. The temperature profile, the depth of penetration of the temperature oscillation into the bulk solid, and the solids moisture content distribution were first calculated, and these proved to be in good agreement with experimental data. Then, the influence of temperature oscillation on absolute humidity, moisture concentration, and moisture migration for different parameters and boundary conditions was examined. As expected, the results show that moisture near boundary regions responds faster than farther away from them with surface temperature changes. The moisture absorption and desorption in materials occurs mainly near boundary regions (where interactions with the environment are more pronounced). Small amounts of solids moisture content, driven by both temperature and vapour concentration gradients, migrate between boundary and center with oscillating temperature.

Kinetic studies of water uptake and loss in glass-ionomer cements

The water sorption and desorption behaviour of three commercial glass-ionomer cements used in clinical dentistry have been studied in detail. Cured specimens of each material were found to show slight but variable water uptake in high humidity conditions, but steady loss in desiccating ones. This water loss was found to follow Fick's law for the first 4-5 h. Diffusion coefficients at 22 degrees C were: Chemflex 1.34 x 10(-6) cm(2) s(-1), Fuji IX 5.87 x 10(-7) cm(2) s(-1), Aquacem 3.08 x 10(-6) cm(2) s(-1). At 7 degrees C they were: Chemflex 8.90 x 10(-7) cm(2) s(-1), Fuji IX 5.04 x 10(-7) cm(2) s(-1), Aquacem 2.88 x 10(-6) cm(2) s(-1). Activation energies for water loss were determined from the Arrhenius equation and were found to be Chemflex 161.8 J mol(-1), Fuji IX 101.3 J mol(-1), Aquacem 47.1 J mol(-1). Such low values show that water transport requires less energy in these cements than in resin-modified glass-ionomers. Fick's law plots were found not to pass through the origin. This implies that, in each case, there is a small water loss that does not involve diffusion. This was concluded to be water at the surface of the specimens, and was termed "superficial water". As such, it represents a fraction of the previously identified unbound (loose) water. Superficial water levels were: Chemflex 0.56%, Fuji IX 0.23%, Aquacem 0.87%. Equilibrium mass loss values were shown to be unaffected by temperature, and allowed ratios of bound:unbound water to be determined for all three cements. These showed wide variation, ranging from 1:5.26 for Chemflex to 1:1.25 for Fuji IX.

The kinetics of water loss from zinc phosphate and zinc polycarboxylate dental cements

The water desorption behaviour of three different zinc oxide dental cements (two polycarboxylates, one phosphate) has been studied in detail. Disc-shaped specimens of each material were prepared and allowed to lose water by being subjected to a low humidity desiccating atmosphere over concentrated sulfuric acid. In all three cements, water loss was found to follow Fick's second law for at least 6 h (until M(t)/M(infinity) values were around 0.5), with diffusion coefficients ranging from 6.03 x 10(-8 )cm(2 )s(-1) (for the zinc phosphate) to 2.056 x 10(-7 )cm(2 )s(-1) (for one of the zinc polycarboxylates, Poly F Plus). Equilibration times for desorption were of the order of 8 weeks, and equilibrium water losses ranged from 7.1% for zinc phosphate to 16.9% and 17.4% for the two zinc polycarboxylates.