4 resultados para Buarque, Chico, 1944 - . Budapeste

em Adam Mickiewicz University Repository


Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Bogusaw liwa was born in Lvov on 6 October 1944. He graduated in law studies at Adam Mickiewicz University in Pozna in 1969. Following the completion of his prosecutors apprenticeship he worked, among others, in Wolsztyn, wiebodzin and from 1975 in Kalisz. On 22 August 1978 liwa was fired from the public prosecutors office because he had attempted to detect a person who murdered during the robbery committed by a Civic Militia officer. That time he established and maintained close contacts with activists of the Workers Defence Committee (KOR), among others: Jacek Kuro, Mirosaw Chojecki, Adam Michnik, Bronisaw Geremek, Jan Lityski, Zofia Romaszewska and Zbigniew Romaszewski. In 1978 he began to cooperate with the Kalisz group of the Movement for the Defence of Human and Civil Rights (ROPCiO). In the early 1979 this group started to publish Wolne Sowo in which liwa was a co-editor. On 28 June 1979 in Pozna he was involved in founding the Social Self-Defence Club of the Wielkopolska and Kujawy Region. In September 1980, during strikes at the FWR Runotex and KZKS Winiary in Kalisz liwa was an expert representing the workers. On 29 September of that year, he arranged in Kalisz a meeting of representatives and delegates of enterprises in Kalisz aimed at appointing the Board of the Inter-Enterprise Founding Committee of the Independent Self-Governing Trade Union. He became the secretary. Bogusaw liwa also engaged in setting up and developing an information team. He was informally responsible for developing an information and printing base. Bogusaw liwa set up NSZZ Solidarno magazine where he published his own articles. He also founded the Solidarno Workers Community Centre in Kalisz. it is noteworthy that it was the only community centre in Poland established by Solidarno. In December the Nationwide Liaison Commission of Solidarno appointed him to the Committee for the Defence of Prisoners of Conscience established on 10 December of that year. He participated in the information meeting of the Independent Self-Governing Trade Union of Independent Farmers Solidarno Wiejska held in Staw, in Szczytniki commune. During that meeting Solidarno Wiejska led by Mieczysaw Walczykiewicz requested the authorities to liquidate the wit Agricultural Production Cooperative in Cieszykw, in Szczytniki commune. Bogusaw liwa was involved in this successful event. It was the first liquidation of cooperative in Poland. On 11 January 1981 liwa co-organized the 1st Regional Convention of Solidarno Wiejska in Kalisz. Following the so-called Bydgoszcz events of 19 March 1981 he advocated the general strike. Due to his attitude, liwa was listed as one of 146 Solidarno activists executed by the 3rd A Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. According to the authorities those activists presented radical views. On 30 June 1981 at the 1st General Delegates Convention of the Kaliskie province, liwa, as a delegate of the Kaliskie province, was appointed to the Regional Board of Solidarno Southern Wielkopolska. In July liwa set up in Kalisz the underground branch of the Polish Democratic Party. In 1981 liwa was a delegate to the 1st National Delegates Convention of Solidarno and co-edited with Jan Lityski the document entitled: Message to the Working People of Eastern Europe originated by Henryk Siciski and adopted by the 1st National Delegates Convention. On 22 November he participated in the Warsaw-held meeting founding the Self-Governing Republic Clubs Liberty Equality Independence and signed the founding declaration. On 28 of that month he co-organized with Antoni Pietkiewicz a founding meeting of the Club in Kalisz. When martial law was declared he began to hide in Kalisz. liwa was arrested on 25 February 1982 and interned in Ostrw Wielkopolski and then in Gbarzew and Kwidzyn. After being released on 25 November 1982, he was immediately involved in the activity of the underground movement of Solidarno. He edited the first two issues of Nasza Solidarno magazine published in Kalisz. liwa co-invented and co-organized the 1st May march that was independent from the authorities one held in Kalisz in 1983. Consequently, he was temporarily arrested and detained in Ostrw Wielkopolski. On 7 June 1983 he was released from custody. The amnesty declared on 21 July 1983 caused that the investigation against him was discontinued. In July of the same year he co-founded the Inter-Regional Coordination Commission of the Independent Self-Governing Trade Union Solidarno Kalisz-Konin-Sieradz. As he could not find any work and he and his family were exposed to psychological harassment, he emigrated to Sweden on 30 December 1983. He worked, among other positions, as bookbinder. He was the board secretary of the Congress of Poles in Sweden. In 1984 he commented the death of priest Jerzy Popieuszko in Dagens Nyheter daily. He was also interviewed by Radio Liberty. liwa commenced cooperating with representatives of the Solidarno Coordination Office in Paris, Brussels and Stockholm. On 18 April 1985 the Military Garrison Prosecutors Office in Wrocaw initiated investigations against liwa, charging him with activities detrimental to political interests of the Peoples Republic of Poland. Subsequently, on 10 July 1985 this public prosecutors office decided to issue an arrest warrant for him. On the same day the public prosecutor suspended criminal proceedings against him. In December 1985, after the courageous escape of two brothers, Adam and Krzysztof Zieliski, from Poland to Sweden, he helped them prevent their deportation and stay in their new homeland. He expressed his opinion on this issue on Swedish television and in Dagens Nyheter daily. His intervention helped them legally stay in Sweden. In 1989 he arrived in Poland. During this short visit he met and talked with his colleagues from the so-called first Solidarno. Bogusaw liwa died in Stockholm on 23 November 1989. He was buried there on 7 December 1989. On 18 October 2006 he was posthumously honoured by Lech Kaczynski, President of Poland, with the Order of Polonis Restitution. On 15 June 2007 Bogusaw liwa was posthumously granted the title of an Honorary Citizen of Kalisz by the Town Council of Kalisz.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The text analyses the intelligence activity against Poland in the period 1944-1989. The paper also contains a case study, i.e. an analysis of the American intelligence service activity held against Poland. While examining the research thesis, the author used the documents and analyses prepared by the Ministry of Internal Affairs. In order to best illustrate the point, the author presented a number of cases of persons who spied for the USA, which was possible thanks to the analysis of the training materials of the Ministry of Internal Affairs directed to the officers of the Security Service and the Citizens Militia. The text tackles the following issues: (1) to what extent did the character of the socio-political system influence the number of persons convicted for espionage against Poland in the period under examination?, (2) what was the level of interest of the foreign intelligence services in Poland before the year 1990?, (3) is it possible to indicate the specificity of the U.S. intelligence activity against Poland? 1) The analysis of data indicates that the period 1946-1956 witnessed a great number of convictions for espionage, which is often associated with the peculiar political situation in Poland of that time. Up to 1953, the countries of the Eastern bloc had reproduced the Stalins system, which only ceased due to the death of Stalin himself. Since then, the communist systems gradually transformed into the system of nomenklatura. Irrespective of these changes, Poland still witnessed a wave of repressions, which resulted from the threats continuously looming over the communist authorities combating the anti-communist underground movement, fighting with the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, the Polish government-in-exile, possible revisionism of borders, social discontent related to the socio-political reforms. Hence, a great number of convictions for espionage at that time could be ascribed to purely political sentences. Moreover, equally significant was the fact that the then judicial practice was preoccupied assessing negatively any contacts and relations with foreigners. This excessive number of convictions could ensue from other criminal-law provisions, which applied with respect to the crimes against the State, including espionage. What is also important is the fact that in the Stalins period the judiciary personnel acquired their skills and qualifications through intensive courses in law with the predominant spirit of the theory of evidence and law by Andrey Vyshinsky. Additionally, by the decree of 1944 the Penal Code of the Polish Armed Forces was introduced; the code envisaged the increase in the number of offences classified as penalised with death penalty, whereas the high treason was subject to the military jurisdiction (the civilians were prosecuted in military courts till 1955; the espionage, however, still stood under the military jurisdiction). In 1946, there was introduced the Decree on particularly dangerous crimes in the period of the States recovery, which was later called a Small Penal Code. 2) The interest that foreign intelligence services expressed in relation to Poland was similar to the one they had in all countries of Eastern and Central Europe. In the case of Poland, it should be noted that foreign intelligence services recruited Polish citizens who had previously stayed abroad and after WWII returned to their home country. The services also gathered information from Poles staying in immigrant camps (e.g. in FRG). The activity of the American intelligence service on the territory of FRG and West Berlin played a key role. The documents of the Ministry of Internal Affairs pointed to the global range of this activity, e.g. through the recruitment of Polish sailors in the ports of the Netherlands, Japan, etc. In line with the development in the 1970s, espionage, which had so far concentrated on the defence and strategic sectors, became focused on science and technology of the Peoples Republic of Poland. The acquisition of collaborators in academic circles was much easier, as PRL opened to academic exchange. Due to the system of visas, the process of candidate selection for intelligence services (e.g. the American) began in embassies. In the 1980s, the activity of the foreign intelligence services concentrated on the specific political situation in Poland, i.e. the growing significance of the Solidarity social movement. 3) The specificity of the American intelligence activity against Poland was related to the composition of the residency staff, which was the largest in comparison to other Western countries. The wide range of these activities can be proved by the quantitative data of convictions for espionage in the years 1944-1984 (however, one has to bear in mind the factors mentioned earlier in the text, which led to the misinterpretation of these data). Analysing the data and the documents prepared by the Ministry of Internal Affairs, one should treat them with caution, as, frequently, the Polish counter-intelligence service used to classify the ordinary diplomatic practice and any contacts with foreigners as espionage threats. It is clearly visible in the language of the training materials concerned with secret service methods of the intelligence activity as well as in the documents on operational activities of the Security Service in relation to foreigners. The level of interest the USA had in Poland was mirrored in the classification of diplomatic posts, according to which Warsaw occupied the second place (the so-called Group B) on the three-point scale. The CIA experienced spectacular defeats during their activity in Poland: supporting the Polish underground anti-communist organisation Freedom and Independence and the so-called Munich-Berg episode (both cases took place in the 1950s). The text focuses only on selected issues related to the espionage activities against Poland. Similarly, the analysis of the problem has been based on selected sources, which has limited the research scope - however, it was not the aim of the author to present the espionage activity against Poland in a comprehensive way. In order to assess the real threat posed by the espionage activity, one should analyse the case of persons convicted for espionage in the period 1944-1989, as the available quantitative data, mentioned in the text, cannot constitute an explicit benchmark for the scale of espionage activity. The inaccuracies in the interpretation of data and variables, which can affect the evaluation of this phenomenon, have been pointed out in the text.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Wydzia Anglistyki