Filozofia antyczna wobec problemu interpretacji. Rozw��j alegorezy od przedsokratyk��w do Arystotelesa

The present work examines the beginnings of ancient hermeneutics. More specifically, it discusses the connection between the rise of the practice of allegoresis, on the one hand, and the emergence of the first theory of figurative language, on the other. Thus, this book investigates the specific historical and cultural circumstances that enabled the ancient Greeks not only to discover the possibility of allegorical interpretation, but also to treat figurative language as a philosophical problem. By posing difficulties in understanding the enigmatic sense of various esoteric doctrines, poems, oracles and riddles, figurative language created the context for theoretical reflection on the meaning of these ���messages���. Hence, ancient interpreters began to ponder over the nature and functions of figurative (���enigmatic���) language as well as over the techniques of its proper use and interpretation. Although the practice of allegorical interpretation was closely linked to the development of the whole of ancient philosophy, the present work covers only the period from the 6th to the 4th century B.C. It concentrates, then, on the philosophical and cultural consequences of allegoresis in the classical age. The main thesis advocated here has it that the ancient Greeks were in-clined to regard allegory as a cognitive problem rather than merely as a stylistic or a literary one. When searching for the hidden meanings of various esoteric doc-trines, poems, oracles and riddles, ancient interpreters of these ���messages��� assumed allegory to be the only tool suitable for articulating certain matters. In other words, it was their belief that the use of figurative language resulted from the necessity of expressing things that were otherwise inexpressible. The present work has been organized in the following manner. The first part contains historical and philological discussions that provide the point of departure for more philosophical considerations. This part consists of two introductory chapters. Chapter one situates the practice of allegorical interpretation at the borderline of two different traditions: the rhetorical-grammatical and the hermeneutical. In order to clearly differentiate between the two, chapter one distinguishes between allegory and allegoresis, on the one hand, and allegoresis and exegesis, on the other. While pointing to the conventionality (and even arbitrariness) of such distinctions, the chapter argues, nevertheless, for their heuristic usefulness. The remaining part of chapter one focuses on a historical and philological reconstruction of the most important conceptual tools of ancient hermeneutics. Discussing the semantics of such terms as all��gor��a, hyp��noia, ainigma and symbolon proves important for at least two crucial reasons. Firstly, it reveals the mutual affinity between allegoresis and divination, i.e., practices that are inherently connected with the need to discover the latent meaning of the ���message��� in question (whether poem or oracle). Secondly, these philological analyses bring to light the specificity of the ancient understanding of such concepts as allegory or symbol. It goes without saying that antiquity employed these terms in a manner quite disparate from modernity. Chapter one concludes with a discussion of ancient views on the cognitive value of figurative (���enigmatic���) language. Chapter two focuses on the role that allegoresis played in the process of transforming mythos into logos. It is suggested here that it was the practice of allegorical interpretation that made it possible to preserve the traditional myths as an important point of reference for the whole of ancient philosophy. Thus, chapter two argues that the existence of a clear opposition between mythos into logos in Preplatonic philosophy is highly questionable in light of the indisputable fact that the Presocratics, Sophists and Cynics were profoundly convinced about the cognitive value of mythos (this conviction was also shared by Plato and Aristotle, but their attitude towards myth was more complex). Consequently, chapter two argues that in Preplatonic philosophy, myth played a function analogous to the concepts discussed in chapter one (i.e., hidden meanings, enigmas and symbols), for in all these cases, ancient interpreters found tools for conveying issues that were otherwise difficult to convey. Chapter two concludes with a classification of various types of allegoresis. Whilst chapters one and two serve as a historical and philological introduction, the second part of this book concentrates on the close relationship between the development of allegoresis, on the one hand, and the flowering of philosophy, on the other. Thus, chapter three discusses the crucial role that allegorical interpretation came to play in Preplatonic philosophy, chapter four deals with Plato���s highly complex and ambivalent attitude to allegoresis, and chapter five has been devoted to Aristotle���s original approach to the practice of allegorical interpretation. It is evident that allegoresis was of paramount importance for the ancient thinkers, irrespective of whether they would value it positively (Preplatonic philosophers and Aristotle) or negatively (Plato). Beginning with the 6th century B.C., the ancient practice of allegorical interpretation is motivated by two distinct interests. On the one hand, the practice of allegorical interpretation reflects the more or less ���conservative��� attachment to the authority of the poet (whether Homer, Hesiod or Orpheus). The purpose of this apologetic allegoresis is to exonerate poetry from the charges leveled at it by the first philosophers and, though to a lesser degree, historians. Generally, these allegorists seek to save the traditional paideia that builds on the works of the poets. On the other hand, the practice of allegorical interpretation reflects also the more or less ���progressive��� desire to make original use of the authority of the poet (whether Homer, Hesiod or Orpheus) so as to promote a given philosophical doctrine. The objective of this instrumental allegoresis is to exculpate philosophy from the accusations brought against it by the more conservative circles. Needless to say, these allegorists significantly contribute to the process of the gradual replacing of the mythical view of the world with its more philosophical explanation. The present book suggests that it is the philosophy of Aristotle that should be regarded as a sort of acme in the development of ancient hermeneutics. The reasons for this are twofold. On the one hand, the Stagirite positively values the practice of allegoresis, rehabilitating, thus, the tradition of Preplatonic philosophy against Plato. And, on the other hand, Aristotle initiates the theoretical reflection on figurative (���enigmatic���) language. Hence, in Aristotle we encounter not only the practice of allegoresis, but also the theory of allegory (although the philosopher does not use the term all��gor��a). With the situation being as it is, the significance of Aristotle���s work cannot be overestimated. First of all, the Stagirite introduces the concept of metaphor into the then philosophical considerations. From that moment onwards, the phenomenon of figurative language becomes an important philosophical issue. After Aristo-tle, the preponderance of thinkers would feel obliged to specify the rules for the appropriate use of figurative language and the techniques of its correct interpretation. Furthermore, Aristotle ascribes to metaphor (and to various other ���excellent��� sayings) the function of increasing and enhancing our knowledge. Thus, according to the Stagirite, figurative language is not only an ornamental device, but it can also have a significant explanatory power. Finally, Aristotle observes that figurative expressions cause words to become ambiguous. In this context, the philosopher notices that ambiguity can enrich the language of a poet, but it can also hinder a dialectical discussion. Accordingly, Aristotle is inclined to value polysemy either positively or negatively. Importantly, however, the Stagirite is perfectly aware of the fact that in natural languages ambiguity is unavoidable. This is why Aristotle initiates a syste-matic reflection on the phenomenon of ambiguity and distinguishes its various kinds. In Aristotle, ambiguity is, then, both a problem that needs to be identified and a tool that can help in elucidating intricate philosophical issues. This unique approach to ambiguity and figurative (���enigmatic���) language enabled Aristotle to formulate invaluable intuitions that still await appropriate recognition.

ewaluacja Nowej Matury

In the frame of the Polish educational reform there are some attempts undertaken to improve the final exam of secondary school. The reformers' proposals undergo an outside analysis and crittique. The author presents two models of democratic evaluation of the so-called in the ���matura��� exam. One model is a qualitative analysis of the criteria of grading essays in the subject of the Polish language. The other model is a quantitative study of qualitative differences between problem tasks within the exam in mathematics. Both naturalistic approaches are based on evaluating opinions of the subjects of the ���matura���, i.e. students who take the exam and teachers who grade the output.

Poziom wiedzy informatycznej uczniow klas m��odszych

The article describes the results o f the pedagogic research o f a level o f the information science knowledge o f the pupils from the primary classes o f elementary schools in Gliwice. After taking into account the two different types of schools: governmental and private the author discusses the similarities and diff��rencies between the information science competencies o f the pupils. The general remarks concerned the program of additional lessons of information technology, hardware and needed competencies of the teachers are added.

Poziom wykorzystania komputera w pracy dydaktycznej nauczycieli klas pocz��tkowych w ��wietle bada�� diagnostycznych

The article aims at presenting possibilities of information technology, as well as presenting the inestimable advantages that spring from embracing it in teaching process. Several aspects of a teacher���s role in the process of conscious teaching and learning is, thus, presented in the article. Further, the article embraces, in the light of selected material comprised of the results of several diagnostic surveys done among teachers working in primary schools with small children (e.g. seven, eight and nine year olds), the analysis and opinions of numerous teachers.

Produkcja w spadkowej fazie cyklu koniunkturalnego w Polsce

Opracowanie ma charakter teoretyczno-empiryczny. Jego g����wnym celem jest weryfikacja dw��ch zasadniczych dla austriackiej teorii cyklu koniunkturalnego hipotez. Pierwsza hipoteza m��wi, ��e restrykcyjna polityka pieni����na powoduje skracanie struktury produkcji, druga ����� ��e podwy��ki st��p prowadz�� do wzgl��dnych r����nic w spadku produkcji bran�� wytwarzaj��cych dobra w r����nych odleg��o��ciach od konsumenta. Przeprowadzona w opracowaniu analiza, oparta na przyj��tych wska��nikach, pozwala pozytywnie zweryfikowa�� obie hipotezy. Podwy��ki st��p procentowych dokonane przez Narodowy Bank Polski prowadzi��y do powstawania spadkowych faz cyklu. W tym okresie w polskiej gospodarce zmniejsza�� si�� czas produkcji d��br finalnych oraz wyst��powa��y wzgl��dne r����nice w spadkach produkcji w bran��ach oddalonych w r����nym stopniu od ostatecznego odbiorcy.

WYCHOWANIE I OPIEKA W OKRESIE POLSKI LUDOWEJ

Der vorliegende Aufsatz ist ein Versuch, den Erziehungs- und F��rsorgestand in bezug auf die moderne polnische Gesellschaft festzustellen, wobei in erster Linie diejenigen Umwandlungen ber��cksichtigt werden, die sich in dieser Hinsicht in der Geschichte der Volksrepublik Polen vollzogen. Der Aufsatz st��tzt sich auf eine Reihe von Studien und Analysen, die von mehreren Autoren durchgef��hrt wurden. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse wurden jedoch synthetisch aufgefa��t, ohne auf die einzelnen Feststellungen und Angaben n��her einzugehen. Die Hauptthese des vorliegenden Aufsatzes ist, da�� das soziale Bewu��tsein der polnischen Gesellschaft in den letzten Jahren einen totalen Wandel erfuhr, der sich grundlegend auf ihre Erziehung auswirkte. Dieser Wandel folgte aus den Prozessen, die mit der Funktionierung des Staatssystems sowie deren Ergebnis, d.h. der gesamten sozialen Erfahrung der Menschen zusammenhingen. Es wurde auf die wichtigsten Richtungen dieses Wandels sowie dessen soziopolitische Voraussetzungen hingewiesen.

PROCES KSZTA��TOWANIA SI�� PLAN��W ZAWODOWO-EDUKACYJNYCH M��ODZIE��Y. WYNIKI BADA��

Piorunek Magdalena, Kasperek Ewa, Proces kszta��towania si�� plan��w zawodowo- edukacyjnych m��odzie��y. Wyniki bada�� (The process of formation of professional and educational plans of young people - results of studies). ���Neodidagmata��� XX, Pozna�� 1991, Adam Mickiewicz University Press, pp. 101-112. ISBN 83-232-0302-4. ISSN 0077-653X. Received: October 1988. Studies were conducted on the formation of professional and educational plans of young people in the primary school. It was found that the period of specific search for professional and educational careers of young people is preceded by an initial elimination of the definite ways of education (types of school) which determines further decisions of various stages of education of adolescents. The eighth class (form) is the the stage of most intensive searching as far as professions and education are concerned and their characteristic feature is great variability. The liability of professional-educational plans is decisively greater in young people from large cities.

Die Organisation und Leitung der Arbeit Mit Audiovisuellen Lehr- und Lernmitteln an der Humboldt-Universit��t zu Berlin und an Anderen Hochschulen in der Ddr

Heun Hans-Georg, Die Organisation und Ieitung der Arbeit mit audiovisuellen lehr- und I��rnmitteln an der Humboldt-Universit��t zu Berlin und an anderen Hochschulen in der DDR (Organization and conducting of work with audiovidual aids at the Humboldt University and other schools of higher education in the German Democratic Republic), ���Neodidagmata��� XX, Poznan 1991, Adam Mickiewicz University Press, pp. 131-136. ISBN 83-232-0302-4. ISBN 0077-653X. Received: November 1987. Audiovisual aids have become now an indispensable help for teachers. The centre of audiovisual aids at the Humboldt University in Berlin performs the following tasks: a) production of audiovisual materials; b) technical service of classes and lectures and seminars and repairing of the equipment; c) information on new audiovisual aids and lending services; d) training of students and university teachers in operating audiovisual aids; e) studies on application of audiovisual aids in schools of higher education.

NAUCZYCIELSKA SAMOOBSERWACJA DLA ROZUMIENIA ���SIEBIE"

In the article an attempt at describing theoretical bases and application of self-observation using video-technology in teachers' education has been undertaken. The article starts by showing the very beginning of the use of visual self-observation in teachers' education. First of all video self-observation is approached as an important tool for changing self-esteem and for changing teachers' professional performance. However, this self-observation is only the first aid. The critical factor in causing changes of behaviour is the role of a tutor. In general self-observation is rather the medium for changing the self-esteem which an object presents than a direct cause of behavioural change.

Od podr��cznika konwencjonalnego do elektronicznego (podr��cznik w ��wiecie medi��w)

The paper gives a reflection on the future of the workbook in educational processes, and its evolution. The author assumes that the workbook will continue to play an important role in education, however, its future shape will change in the newborn audiovisual culture. The author claims that Prof. Leja's remarks regarding the so called audiovisual workbook should be considered in publications dealing with valuable electronic workbooks.

IInformacyjne wspomaganie o��wiaty

In view of a constant growth of writings on didactic and educational problems it is necessary to create an efficient system of scientific educational information. This system will provide creative teachers with materials that will facilitate the selection and access to materials that will enrich the teachers' methodological base and their own intellectual potential by means of a network of school and pedagogical libraries. Such well-organized and efficiently operating system at the level of the school superintendent's office, whose links will be educational institutions as well as those that improve teaching methods of the teaching staff, may be of great information and practical importance in the present age of rapid transformations. It will become an instrument that will make contact with pedagogical writings and improvement of qualifications of the teaching staff possible.

Specyfika skali wa��onych ocen

The author describes the essence and characteristics of the novel surveying evaluation scale of the educational process. Balancing between quality, intensity and conclusiveness of expressions is a selective clue to choose indicators i.e. stimulus ascertainments to the survey. On the basis of empirical studies of "Informatics Culture" (computer experience and cognizance) the author discusses quantitative parameters of the scale and the way of representing them in practice. Special attention was paid to a contextual representation of results, to the vector method of the appraisal value of alteration in time; and to the issues of inter-group comparability of the process effects.

Robert Heinich, Michael Molenda, James D. Russell, Sharon E. Smaldino, Instructional Media and Technologies for Learning, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 1996, ss. 446. Steven Hackbarth, The Educational Technology Handbook. A Comprehensive Guide, Educational Technology Publications Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 1996, ss. 351

Recenzje i sprawozdania z ksi����ek

John Adcock, In place of schools, New Education Press Ltd, Londyn 1994, ss. 112.

Recenzje i sprawozdania z ksi����ek