El copernicanismo en las Españas del XVI y el XVII. Ciencia, filosofía y literatura.

In 1543 Nicolas Copernicus published his Revolutionibus Orbium's Coelelestium. This is the scientific work that gave birth to modern science, something thoroughly European, since scientists of different countries contributed to it: Poland, Italy, Germany, Spain, France, Holland, etc. A work that appeared in a crucial moment obviously represented the need of that time to correct the Julian calendar. A new procedure to calculate the positions of the stars was necessary for astrology and for the making of predictions that were important at that time. Our intention is to outline the history of how it was introduced in Spain at the beginning of the scientific revolution. We will not conceal that Spain has been a country that has only contributed to scientific literature in a deficient way, maybe we can offer some arguments that help to understand why this has happened.

Conflictos entre el pueblo y las autoridades. Bubenreuth: un ejemplo actual en Baviera

The sovereign of a democratic state is „the people“. However, they transfer their voices to a few political party representatives in order to make them exercise legislative and executive powers in the name of “the people”. In different European countries, this model of representative democracy is marked by elements of direct democracy. In Switzerland, for example, there are frequent plebiscites on a number of issues and in France, the President of the Republic is elected directly. In Germany, the constitution calls for a “Volksabstimmung”, or a referendum at the federal level, a “Volksentscheid” or plebiscite at the federal state level and a “Bürgerentscheid” at the city level. But in small municipalities where everyone knows each other and people talk, a different form of direct democracy continues on. In the case of Bubenreuth, where I have lived for more than 30 years, the community dared to raise its voice against the mayor and against town councillors to have them revoke the application of a legal but unjust regulation, or for them to at least mitigate the effects.