Severe lower respiratory tract infection in infants and toddlers from a non-affluent population: viral etiology and co-detection as risk factors

Abstract Background Lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) is a major cause of pediatric morbidity and mortality, especially among non-affluent communities. In this study we determine the impact of respiratory viruses and how viral co-detections/infections can affect clinical LRTI severity in children in a hospital setting. Methods Patients younger than 3 years of age admitted to a tertiary hospital in Brazil during the months of high prevalence of respiratory viruses had samples collected from nasopharyngeal aspiration. These samples were tested for 13 different respiratory viruses through real-time PCR (rt-PCR). Patients were followed during hospitalization, and clinical data and population characteristics were collected during that period and at discharge to evaluate severity markers, especially length of hospital stay and oxygen use. Univariate regression analyses identified potential risk factors and multivariate logistic regressions were used to determine the impact of specific viral detections as well as viral co-detections in relation to clinical outcomes. Results We analyzed 260 episodes of LRTI with a viral detection rate of 85% (n = 222). Co-detection was observed in 65% of all virus-positive episodes. The most prevalent virus was Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) (54%), followed by Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) (32%) and Human Rhinovirus (HRV) (21%). In the multivariate models, infants with co-detection of HRV + RSV stayed 4.5 extra days (p = 0.004), when compared to infants without the co-detection. The same trends were observed for the outcome of days of supplemental oxygen use. Conclusions Although RSV remains as the main cause of LRTI in infants our study indicates an increase in the length of hospital stay and oxygen use in infants with HRV detected by RT-PCR compared to those without HRV. Moreover, one can speculate that when HRV is detected simultaneously with RSV there is an additive effect that may be reflected in more severe clinical outcome. Also, our study identified a significant number of children infected by recently identified viruses, such as hMPV and Human Bocavirus (HBov), and this is a novel finding for poor communities from developing countries.

Quantification of terbinafine in pharmaceutical tablets using capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection and batch injection analysis with amperometric detection

Terbinafine hydrochloride (TerbHCl) is an allylamine derivative with fungicidal action, especially against dermatophytes. Different analytical methods have been reported for quantifying TerbHCl in different samples. These procedures require time-consuming sample preparation or expensive instrumentation. In this paper, electrochemical methods involving capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection, and amperometry associated with batch injection analysis, are described for the determination of TerbHCl in pharmaceutical products. In the capillary electrophoresis experiments, terbinafine was protonated and analyzed in the cationic form in less than 1 min. A linear range from 1.46 to 36.4 mu g mL(-1) in acetate buffer solution and a detection limit of 0.11 mu g mL(-1) were achieved. In the amperometric studies, terbinafine was oxidized at +0.85 V with high throughput (225 injection h(-1)) and good linear range (10-100 mu mol L-1). It was also possible to determine the antifungal agent using simultaneous conductometric and potentiometric titrations in the presence of 5% ethanol. The electrochemical methods were applied to the quantification of TerbHCl in different tablet samples; the results were comparable with values indicated by the manufacturer and those found using titrimetry according to the Pharmacopoeia. The electrochemical methods are simple, rapid and an appropriate alternative for quantifying this drug in real samples. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

CHEMICAL DEGRADATION OF ESFENVALERATE AND HPLC-UV-PAD DETECTION OF INTERMEDIATES AND BY-PRODUCTS

The impact of pyretroids, their by-products and degradation products on humans and the environment is recognized as a serious problem. Despite several studies regarding esfenvalerate toxicity and its detection in water and sediments, there is still a lack of information about its degradation intermediates and by-products in water. In this work, an HPLC method was developed to follow up the degradation of esfenvalerate and to detect the intermediates and by-products formed during the chemical degradation process. The chemical degradation was performed using an esfenvalerate suspension and different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, temperatures, and pH. The reaction was monitored for 24 hr, and during the kinetic experiments, samples were collected at several reaction times and analyzed by HPLC-UV-PAD. In the degradation process, eleven different compounds (intermediate and by-products) were detected, among them the metabolites 3-phenoxybenzoic acid and 3-phenoxybenzaldehyde. HPLC-UV-PAD proved to be a valuable analytical technique for the rapid and reliable separation and determination of esfenvalerate, its degradation intermediates, and by-products.

Analytical method for determination of nitric oxide in zebrafish larvae: Toxicological and pharmacological applications

Zebrafish are currently used at various stages of the drug discovery process and can be a useful and cost-effective alternative to some mammalian models. Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in physiology of zebrafish. The availability of appropriate analytical techniques to quantify the NO is crucial for studying its role in physiological and pathological conditions. This work aimed at establishing a high-performance liquid chromatography method for determination of NO levels in zebrafish larvae. Attempts were also made to assess the normal levels of NO at the first days postfertilization and the possible changes under pathological conditions. The method validation was quantitatively evaluated in terms of sensitivity, specificity, precision, accuracy, linearity, and recovery. NO levels from zebrafish larvae at the first days postfertilization and larvae challenged to N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, sodium nitroprusside, Escherichia coil lipopolysaccharide, and copper sulfate were analyzed. The samples were derivatized with 2,3-diaminonaphthalene, and fluorescence detection was used for the indirect determination of NO. The method showed a good performance for all validation parameters evaluated and was efficient to monitor changes in NO concentration under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. This method might represent a powerful tool to be applied in NO studies with zebrafish larvae. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Physiological effects of glyphosate over amino acid profile in conventional and transgenic soybean (Glycine max)

This paper compares the responses of conventional and transgenic soybean to glyphosate application in terms of the contents of 17 detectable soluble amino acids in leaves, analyzed by HPLC and fluorescence detection. Glutamate, histidine, asparagine, arginine + alanine, glycine + threonine and isoleucine increased in conventional soybean leaves when compared to transgenic soybean leaves, whereas for other amino acids, no significant differences were recorded. Univariate analysis allowed us to make an approximate differentiation between conventional and transgenic lines, observing the changes of some variables by glyphosate application. In addition, by means of the multivariate analysis, using principal components analysis (PCA), cluster analysis (CA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) it was possible to identify and discriminate different groups based on the soybean genetic origin. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Cerebral White Matter Oxidation and Nitrosylation in Young Rodents With Kaolin-Induced Hydrocephalus

Hydrocephalus is associated with reduced blood flow in periventricular white matter. To investigate hypoxic and oxidative damage in the brains of rats with hydrocephalus, kaolin was injected into the cisterna magna of newborn 7- and 21-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats, and ventricle size was assessed by magnetic resonance imaging at 7, 21, and 42 days of age. In-situ evidence of hypoxia in periventricular capillaries and glial cells was shown by pimonidazole hydrochloride binding. Biochemical assay of thiobarbituric acid reaction and immunohistochemical detection of malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal indicated the presence of lipid peroxidation in white matter. Biochemical assay of nitrite indicated increased nitric oxide production. Nitrotyrosine immunohistochemistry showed nitrosylated proteins in white matter reactive microglia and astrocytes. Activities of the antioxidant enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase were not increased, and altered hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha was not detected by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Cerebral vascular endothelial growth factor expression determined by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was not changed, but vascular endothelial growth factor immunoreactivity was increased in reactive astrocytes of hydrocephalic white matter. To determine if nitric oxide synthase is involved in the pathogenesis, we induced hydrocephalus in 7-day-old wild-type and neuronal nitric oxide synthase-deficient mice. At 7 days, the wild-type and mutant mice exhibited equally severe ventriculomegaly and no behavioral differences, although increased glial fibrillary acidic protein was less in the mutant mice. We conclude that hypoxia, via peroxidation and nitrosylation, contributes to brain changes in young rodents with hydrocephalus and that compensatory mechanisms are negligible.

Sensitive and fast determination of Sudan dyes in chilli powder by partial-filling micellar electrokinetic chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

A fast and sensitive method for the simultaneous determination of Sudan dyes (I, II, III, and IV) in food samples was developed for the first time using partial filling micellar electrokinectic chromatography-mass spectrometry (MEKC-MS). The use of MEKC was essential to achieve the separation of these neutral analytes, while the partial filling technique was necessary to avoid the contamination of the ion source with non-volatile micelles. MEKC separation and MS detection conditions were optimized in order to achieve a fast, efficient, and sensitive separation of the four dyes. Filling 25% of the capillary with an MEKC solution containing 40 mM ammonium bicarbonate, 25 mM SDS, and 32.5% (v/v) acetonitrile, a baseline separation of the four azo-dyes was obtained in 10 min. Tandem MS was investigated in order to improve the sensitivity and selectivity of the analysis. Limits of detection (LOD) values 5, 8, 15, and 29 times better were obtained for Sudan III, I, II, and IV, respectively, using partial filling MEKC-MS/MS instead of partial filling MEKC-MS. Under optimized conditions, LOD from 0.05 to 0.2 mu g/mL were obtained. The suitability of the developed method was demonstrated through the fast and sensitive determination of Sudan I, II, III, and IV in spiked chilli powder samples. This determination could not be achieved by MEKC-UV due to the existence of several interfering compounds from the matrix.

STRATEGIES FOR PREPARATION OF MOLECULARLY IMPRINTED POLYMERS MODIFIED ELECTRODES AND THEIR APPLICATION IN ELECTROANALYSIS: A REVIEW

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP's) have been applied in several areas of analytical chemistry, including the modification of electrodes. The main purpose of such modification is improving selectivity; however, a gain in sensitivity was also observed in many cases. The most frequent approaches for these modifications are the electrodeposition of polymer films and sol gel deposits, spin and drop coating and self-assembling of films on metal nanoparticles. The preparation of bulk (body) modified composites as carbon pastes and polymer agglutinated graphite have also been investigated. In all cases several analytes including pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and inorganic species, as well as molecules with biological relevance have been successfully used as templates and analyzed with such devices in electroanalytical procedures. Herein, 65 references are presented concerning the general characteristics and some details related to the preparation of MIP's including a description of electrodes modified with MIP's by different approaches. The results using voltammetric and amperometric detection are described.

Chiral HPLC analysis of donepezil, 5-O-desmethyl donepezil and 6-O-desmethyl donepezil in culture medium: application to fungal biotransformation studies

An high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the enantioselective determination of donepezil (DPZ), 5-O-desmethyl donepezil (5-ODD), and 6-O-desmethyl donepezil (6-ODD) in Czapek culture medium to be applied to biotransformation studies with fungi is described for the first time. The HPLC analysis was carried out using a Chiralpak AD-H column with hexane/ethanol/methanol (75:20:5, v/v/v) plus 0.3 % triethylamine as mobile phase and UV detection at 270 nm. Sample preparation was carried out by liquid-liquid extraction using ethyl acetate as extractor solvent. The method was linear over the concentration range of 100-10,000 ng mL(-1) for each enantiomer of DPZ (r a parts per thousand yenaEuro parts per thousand 0.9985) and of 100-5,000 ng mL(-1) for each enantiomer of 5-ODD (r a parts per thousand yenaEuro parts per thousand 0.9977) and 6-ODD (r a parts per thousand yenaEuro parts per thousand 0.9951). Within-day and between-day precision and accuracy evaluated by relative standard deviations and relative errors, respectively, were lower than 15 % for all analytes. The validated method was used to assess DPZ biotransformation by the fungi Beauveria bassiana American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 7159 and Cunninghamella elegans ATCC 10028B. Using the fungus B. bassiana ATCC 7159, a predominant formation of (R)-5-ODD was observed while for the fungus C. elegans ATCC 10028B, DPZ was biotransformed to (R)-6-ODD with an enantiomeric excess of 100 %.

The influence of human papillomavirus type and HIV status on the lymphomononuclear cell profile in patients with cervical intraepithelial lesions of different severity

Abstract Background Immunological alterations are implicated in the increased prevalence of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HG-SIL) and persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. This study evaluated the expression of CD4, CD8, CD25 (IL-2Rα) and CD28 antigens from SIL biopsies, stratified by HIV status and HPV-type. Biopsies specimens from 82 (35 HIV+) women with a normal cervix, low-grade (LG-SIL) or high-grade lesions (HG-SIL) were studied. CD molecule expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and HPV detection/typing performed using PCR techniques. Results CD4 stromal staining was increased in patients with HPV18. Women with HPV16 infection showed decreased: a) CD8 and CD25 stromal staining, b) CD25 staining in LG-SIL epithelium and in HG-SIL stroma. In HIV- women samples, CD28 epithelial staining and CD8 stromal staining surrounding metaplastic epithelium were less intense and even absent, as compared to HIV+ women. Both epithelial and stromal CD8 staining was more intense in the HG-SIL/HIV+ group than in the HG-SIL/HIV- group. Positive correlations were observed between CD4/CD25, CD4/CD28 and CD25/CD28 in the stroma and CD25/CD28 in the epithelium. Conclusion HIV status and HPV-type may influence the lymphomononuclear cell profile present in the spectrum of cervical lesions. The knowledge of the infiltrating cell profile in cervical tumours may help the development of specific anti-tumoural strategies.

A Review of the Brazilian NBR 15575 Standard: Applying the Simulation and Simplified Methods for Evaluating a Social House Thermal Performance

The new Brazilian ABNT NBR 15575 Standard (the ―Standard‖) recommends two methods for analyzing housing thermal performance: a simplified and a computational simulation method. The aim of this paper is to evaluate both methods and the coherence between each. For this, the thermal performance of a low-cost single-family house was evaluated through the application of the procedures prescribed by the Standard. To accomplish this study, the EnergyPlus software was selected. Comparative analyses of the house with varying envelope U-values and solar absorptance of external walls were performed in order to evaluate the influence of these parameters on the results. The results have shown limitations in the current Standard computational simulation method, due to different aspects: weather files, lack of consideration of passive strategies, and inconsistency with the simplified method. Therefore, this research indicates that there are some aspects to be improved in this Standard, so it could better represent the real thermal performance of social housing in Brazil.

Reorganization of secondary and tertiary health care levels: impact on the outcomes of oral cancer screening in the São Paulo State, Brazil

This study presents the strategies for prevention and early detection of oral cancer by means of screening in the elderly population of São Paulo, the richest and the most populous state of Brazil. This research was a retrospective longitudinal study based on the analysis of secondary data. The variables - number of participating cities, coverage of screening, and number of suspicious and confirmed cases of oral cancer - were divided into two periods: 2001-2004 and 2005-2008. Data were analyzed statistically by the chi-square test at 5% significance level. The implementation of a nationwide public oral health policy in 2004 and the reorganization of the secondary and tertiary health care were evaluated as mediator factors able to interfere in the achieved outcomes. From 2001 to 2008, 2,229,273 oral examinations were performed. There was an addition of 205 participating cities by the end of the studied period (p<0.0001). The coverage of oral cancer screening increased from 4.1% to 16% (p<0.0001). There was a decrease in the number of suspicious lesions (from 9% in 2005 to 5% in 2008) (p<0.0001) and in the rate of confirmed oral cancer cases per 100,000 examinations (from 20.89 in 2001 to 10.40 in 2008) (p<0.0001). After 8 years of screening, there was a decrease in the number of suspicious lesions and confirmed cases of oral cancer in the population. The reorganization of secondary and tertiary health care levels of oral care seems to have contributed to modify these numbers, having a positive impact on the outcomes of oral cancer screening in the São Paulo State.

The Gemini NICI planet-finding campaign: the frequency of giant planets around young B and A stars

We have carried out high contrast imaging of 70 young, nearby B and A stars to search for brown dwarf and planetary companions as part of the Gemini NICI Planet-Finding Campaign. Our survey represents the largest, deepest survey for planets around high-mass stars (≈1.5-2.5 M ☉) conducted to date and includes the planet hosts β Pic and Fomalhaut. We obtained follow-up astrometry of all candidate companions within 400 AU projected separation for stars in uncrowded fields and identified new low-mass companions to HD 1160 and HIP 79797. We have found that the previously known young brown dwarf companion to HIP 79797 is itself a tight (3 AU) binary, composed of brown dwarfs with masses 58$^{+21}_{-20}$ M Jup and 55$^{+20}_{-19}$ M Jup, making this system one of the rare substellar binaries in orbit around a star. Considering the contrast limits of our NICI data and the fact that we did not detect any planets, we use high-fidelity Monte Carlo simulations to show that fewer than 20% of 2 M ☉ stars can have giant planets greater than 4 M Jup between 59 and 460 AU at 95% confidence, and fewer than 10% of these stars can have a planet more massive than 10 M Jup between 38 and 650 AU. Overall, we find that large-separation giant planets are not common around B and A stars: fewer than 10% of B and A stars can have an analog to the HR 8799 b (7 M Jup, 68 AU) planet at 95% confidence. We also describe a new Bayesian technique for determining the ages of field B and A stars from photometry and theoretical isochrones. Our method produces more plausible ages for high-mass stars than previous age-dating techniques, which tend to underestimate stellar ages and their uncertainties.