Bilayer graphene on h-BN substrate: investigating the breakdown voltage and tuning the bandgap by electric field

By performing density functional theory calculations we show that it is possible to make the electronic bandgap in bilayer graphene supported on hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) substrates tunable. We also show that, under applied electric fields, it is possible to insert states from h-BN into the bandgap, which generate a conduction channel through the substrate making the system metallic. In addition, we verify that the breakdown voltage strongly depends on the number of h-BN layers. We also show that both the breakdown voltage and the bandgap tuning are independent of the h-BN stacking order.

Dirac fermions in strong electric field and quantum transport in graphene

Our previous results on the nonperturbative calculations of the mean current and of the energy-momentum tensor in QED with the T-constant electric field are generalized to arbitrary dimensions. The renormalized mean values are found, and the vacuum polarization contributions and particle creation contributions to these mean values are isolated in the large T limit; we also relate the vacuum polarization contributions to the one-loop effective Euler-Heisenberg Lagrangian. Peculiarities in odd dimensions are considered in detail. We adapt general results obtained in 2 + 1 dimensions to the conditions which are realized in the Dirac model for graphene. We study the quantum electronic and energy transport in the graphene at low carrier density and low temperatures when quantum interference effects are important. Our description of the quantum transport in the graphene is based on the so-called generalized Furry picture in QED where the strong external field is taken into account nonperturbatively; this approach is not restricted to a semiclassical approximation for carriers and does not use any statistical assumptions inherent in the Boltzmann transport theory. In addition, we consider the evolution of the mean electromagnetic field in the graphene, taking into account the backreaction of the matter field to the applied external field. We find solutions of the corresponding Dirac-Maxwell set of equations and with their help we calculate the effective mean electromagnetic field and effective mean values of the current and the energy-momentum tensor. The nonlinear and linear I-V characteristics experimentally observed in both low-and high-mobility graphene samples are quite well explained in the framework of the proposed approach, their peculiarities being essentially due to the carrier creation from the vacuum by the applied electric field. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.86.125022

Linking origin of the electric field-assisted beta-PbF2 crystallization in lead oxyfluoroborate glasses below T (g) to simultaneous cathode/anode-compensated electrochemical reactions

Full validation of the electrochemical mechanisms so far postulated as driving force of electric field-assisted non-spontaneous crystallization development in given glasses has suffered experimental restrictions. In this work, we looked into origin of this phenomenon in lead oxyfluoroborate glasses, resulting in beta-PbF2 growth even below the corresponding glass transition temperatures, through achieving a systematic study of not only Pt,Ag/Glass/Ag,Pt- but also Pt,Ag/Glass/YSZ:PbF2/Ag,Pt-type cells, where YSZ:PbF2 represents a two-phase system (formed by Y2O3-doped ZrO2 and PbF2). It is demonstrated that crystallization induction in these glasses involves Pb2+ ions reduction at the cathode, the phenomenon being, however, confirmed only when the F- ions were simultaneously also able to reach the anode for oxidation, after assuring either a direct glass-anode contact or percolation pathways for free fluoride migration across the YSZ:PbF2 mixtures. A further support of this account is that the electrochemically induced beta-PbF2 phase crystallizes showing ramified-like microstructure morphology that arises, accordingly, from development of electroconvective diffusion processes under electric field action.

Electronic Structure Calculations in a 2D SixGe1-x Alloy Under an Applied Electric Field.

The recent advances and promises in nanoscience and nanotechnology have been focused on hexagonal materials, mainly on carbon-based nanostructures. Recently, new candidates have been raised, where the greatest efforts are devoted to a new hexagonal and buckled material made of silicon, named Silicene. This new material presents an energy gap due to spin-orbit interaction of approximately 1.5 meV, where the measurement of quantum spin Hall effect(QSHE) can be made experimentally. Some investigations also show that the QSHE in 2D low-buckled hexagonal structures of germanium is present. Since the similarities, and at the same time the differences, between Si and Ge, over the years, have motivated a lot of investigations in these materials. In this work we performed systematic investigations on the electronic structure and band topology in both ordered and disordered SixGe1-x alloys monolayer with 2D honeycomb geometry by first-principles calculations. We show that an applied electric field can tune the gap size for both alloys. However, as a function of electric field, the disordered alloy presents a W-shaped behavior, similarly to the pure Si or Ge, whereas for the ordered alloy a V-shaped behavior is observed.

Charge generation, charge transport, and residual charge in the electrospinning of polymers: A review of issues and complications

Electrospinning has become a widely implemented technique for the generation of nonwoven mats that are useful in tissue engineering and filter applications. The overriding factor that has contributed to the popularity of this method is the ease with which fibers with submicron diameters can be produced. Fibers on that size scale are comparable to protein filaments that are observed in the extracellular matrix. The apparatus and procedures for conducting electrospinning experiments are ostensibly simple. While it is rarely reported in the literature on this topic, any experience with this method of fiber spinning reveals substantial ambiguities in how the process can be controlled to generate reproducible results. The simplicity of the procedure belies the complexity of the physical processes that determine the electrospinning process dynamics. In this article, three process domains and the physical domain of charge interaction are identified as important in electrospinning: (a) creation of charge carriers, (b) charge transport, (c) residual charge. The initial event that enables electrospinning is the generation of region of excess charge in the fluid that is to be electrospun. The electrostatic forces that develop on this region of charged fluid in the presence of a high potential result in the ejection of a fluid jet that solidifies into the resulting fiber. The transport of charge from the charge solution to the grounded collection device produces some of the current which is observed. That transport can occur by the fluid jet and through the atmosphere surrounding the electrospinning apparatus. Charges that are created in the fluid that are not dissipated remain in the solidified fiber as residual charges. The physics of each of these domains in the electrospinning process is summarized in terms of the current understanding, and possible sources of ambiguity in the implementation of this technique are indicated. Directions for future research to further articulate the behavior of the electrospinning process are suggested. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3682464]

Junction Field Effect on the Retention Time for One-Transistor Floating-Body RAM

One-transistor floating-body random access memory retention time distribution is investigated on silicon-on-insulator UTBOX devices. It is shown that the average retention time can be improved by two to three orders of magnitude by reducing the body-junction electric field. However, the retention time distribution, which is mainly caused by the generation-recombination center density variation, remains similar.

Effect of electromagnetic field on bone regeneration around dental implants after immediate placement in the dog mandible: a pilot study

Background: Accelerating bone healing around dental implants can reduce the long-term period between the insertion of implants and functional rehabilitation. Objective: This in vivo study evaluated the effect of a constant electromagnetic field (CEF) on bone healing around dental implants in dogs. Materials and methods: Eight dental implants were placed immediately after extraction of the first premolar and molar teeth on the mandible of two male dogs and divided into experimental (CEF) and control groups. A CEF at magnetic intensity of 0.8 mT with a pulse width of 25 mu s and frequency of 1.5 MHz was applied on the implants for 20 min per day for 2 weeks. Result and conclusion: After qualitative histological analysis, a small quantity of newly formed bone was observed in the gap between the implant surface and alveolar bone in both groups.

Comparative study on the far-field spectra and near-field amplitudes for silver and gold nanocubes irradiated at 514, 633 and 785 nm as a function of the edge length

We describe a systematic investigation by the discrete dipole approximation on the optical properties of silver (Ag) and gold (Au) nanocubes as a function of the edge length in the 20-100 nm range. Our results showed that, as the nanocube size increased, the plasmon resonance modes shifted to higher wavelengths, the contribution from scattering to the extinction increased, and the quadrupole modes became more intense in the spectra. The electric field amplitudes at the surface of the nanocubes were calculated considering 514, 633 and 785 nm as the excitation wavelengths. While Ag nanocubes displayed the highest electric field amplitudes (vertical bar E vertical bar(max)) when excited at 514 nm, the Au nanocubes displayed higher vertical bar E vertical bar(max) values than Ag, for all sizes investigated, when the excitation wavelength was either 633 or 785 nm. The variations in vertical bar E vertical bar(max) as a function of size for both Ag and Au nanocubes could be explained based on the relative position of the surface plasmon resonance peak relative to the wavelength of the incoming electromagnetic wave. Our results show that not only size and composition, but also the excitation wavelength, can play an important role over the maximum near-field amplitudes values generated at the surface of the nanocubes.

The nuclear electric quadrupole moment of hafnium from the molecular method

The molecular method is used to obtain nuclear electric quadrupole moment (NQM) values for hafnium through electric field gradients (EFGs) at this nucleus in HfO and HfS. Dirac-Coulomb calculations with the Coupled Cluster approach, DC-CCSD (T) and DC-CCSD-T, were carried out to achieve the most accurate estimates of these EFGs. Higher order corrections are also added. Hence, the most reliable values for 177Hf and 179Hf determined here are 3319(33) and 3750(37) mbarn, respectively, in nice accordance with the best currently accepted NQMs for this element. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.