Cálculo mental e a produção do conhecimento matemático

This text presents the research developed with students of the 5th year of elementary school at a public school in the city of Taubaté-SP, involved in solving problems involving the Mental Calculation. The read authors show that the Mental Calculation is relevant for the production of mathematical knowledge as it favors the autonomy of students, making it the most critical. Official documents that guide educational practices, such as the Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais also emphasize that working with mental arithmetic should be encouraged as it has the potential to encourage the production of mathematical knowledge by the student. In this research work Completion of course the tasks proposed to students, who constituted the fieldwork to production data, were designed, developed and analyzed in a phenomenological approach. The intention, the research was to understand the perception of students in the face of situations that encourage them to implement appropriate technical and mental calculation procedures. We analyze how students express and realize the strategies for mental calculation in the search for solution to problem situations

As contribuições da Pedagogia Waldorf no atendimento a diversidade e na valorização das diferenças

The ideal of Waldorf Education, since the opening of the first school in 1919, was based on innovative principles for a humanized society. Among those principles, there was the attendance of all children without distinction, which is exactly the main idea of the inclusive school. Waldorf pedagogy defends that under the right pedagogical action and care with the individual development, anyone can develop, regardless of their disability. This statem ent highlights the main objective of this methodology, that is the human development, aligned to another fundamental guideline of inclusive education. Accordingly, the hypothesis of this work is that Waldorf education promotes inclusive schooling contexts, attending diversity and valuing differences. The general objective of this study is: analyze Waldorf Education to verify if it promotes inclusive contexts. And the specific objetives were: identify elements in this practice that favors diversity attend; analyze the practice of a Waldorf school, considering documentation, structure, and conception of managers, teachers and parents. The study was based on quantitative and qualitative research approach, and the data was collected trough observation of teaching practices in a classroom where a disabled student was present, as well as through documentation and observation of the school environment. Furthermore, in order to verify the understanding of parents (71 individuals) and teachers (18 individuals) on inclusion, a specific questionnaire was developed for each of these two groups. For the records, a diary and an observation script were used. It was concluded that Waldorf methodology provides all the necessary conditions to inclusion, mainly due to it's enhancement of individuality, didactic organization and it's roots in social relations

O uso da atividade guia (brincar) como catalisadora do desenvolvimento do pensamento e da linguagem

To select pedagogical practices that allow the development of psychic function thinking and psychic function language. It's necessary understanding the whole psyche human, postulated by Vygotsky. The action of playing, the main activity of the children in the childhood education, can enhance the resilience of the psychic functions, once it provides stimulus and may include teacher's intervention during its deployment. For a better intervention, this planning in light of a theory is primordial, as well as the reflection on this practice. This research aimed to find the moment of the activities that took place the development of these functions, language and thought, in children who are in the early years of the childhood education. The survey was conducted through a qualitative interpretation approach, as action research. Data analysis allowed us to observe planned teaching practices in which enabled the development of language and thought and consequently a qualitative leap in the other psychic functions