Más allá del género

Recibido 06 de setiembre de 2010 • Aceptado 09 de marzo de 2011 • Corregido 22 de mayo de 2011      El propósito del presente ensayo es describir, desde la cotidianidad, la influencia de la palabra en las canciones populares y destacar, al mismo tiempo, cómo lo cotidiano, lo que vemos, escuchamos y vivimos son poderosas herramientas de aprendizaje duradero en la construcción de las representaciones culturales relativas al género. Se destaca la influencia de las letras de las canciones populares en la construcción de la identidad masculina. Además, cómo esto determina las relaciones entre los sujetos, sean hombres y mujeres. Se plantea la necesidad de romper con modelos sexuales estereotipados que generan la violencia contra las mujeres y algunos hombres, en un contexto de una sociedad patriarcal, en procura de una sociedad más democrática y equitativa, sobre la base del principio de igualdad.

La identidad nacional en tiempos de globalización

The national identity is a historical and geographical process; it is also dynamic and it is constantly transforming, in other words it is: a subject of change. It is constructed by individuals and different social groups who are born or live in a territory with a homogenizing ideological discourse and a reproducer of an imaginary national and, moreover, the cultural influence is expressed by the interrelationships among other countries, which have been accelerated by the phenomenon of globalization. This last aspect has a profound impact not only in the economic field, but also when sharing information, ideas, values and behaviors that are assimilated by people through behaviors, symbols and meanings that are related to the imitation of foreign cultural models. But there is one point in common in the context of this essay and it is to understand that we are in an evolutionary, dynamic and complex process that is part of the socialization processes that link the daily practices of individuals, through the diversity and cultural exchange.

El apoyo familiar en el proceso de integración educativa de estudiantes con necesidades educativas en condición de discapacidad

In the process of socialization, the family has a fundamental role in the care and raising of the children, but principally, in the transmission of knowledge, values and customs that allow them to adapt to the society as active and productive individuals. In the last years, the Costa Rican educational system has experienced significant changes, due to the processes of students’ school integration, who present educational needs, because they need specialized supports and different resources for their formation and integral development. Thus, a concern was generated so that the familiar support is investigating in the process of students’ school integration, who are the ones who receive significant curricular adaptations in the public schools, and for instance, it was necessary to determine the kind of supports that are provided to the members of the family, as well as, the ways in which these supports can benefit the process of school integration.

The interactive dynamics in the university context: the classroom environment

Interpersonal relationships in human communities gained a great value since the begging of mankind, these relationships are constructed on interaction and socialization. The educational context is not exempt of these interactive and communicative processes, and it is specifically in the classroom where they can be found. The classroom can be identified as a physical and a humane space, in which dynamics are developed from the interactions between teachers and students, learning content, learning strategies and the class environment. All of these aspects are presented in the classroom as part of the teaching and learning processes. It is interesting to analyze the classroom environment and the interactive dynamics that are developed in it, regardless of the student’s age, wether in the case of infants, adolescents or adults. In this particular case, we analyze the classroom environment at the university level. Understanding the interactive dynamics that are being developed in the classroom, determine whether or not an environment is appropriate for the teaching and learning processes, which must be considered, if someone chooses an integral and quality of education.

Derechos humanos y construcción de ciudadanía en la escuela. Una propuesta para construir democracia participando en la actividad sociocultural

ResumenEste trabajo pretende ser un instrumento de reflexión sobre el rol histórico de la autoridad en el aula. El supuesto es que los períodos autoritarios han dejado huellas en las cosmologías docentes y por ello el autoritarismo se resiste a partir. Esto último impide enfatizar en actitudes y acciones didácticas de tipo cooperativo; invisibilizando derechos fundamentales, principalmente aquellos referidos en la infancia y adolescencia. Se hace hincapié en la participación democrática de docentes y estudiantes, enfatizando en la exaltación de un tipo de socialización enmarcada en la participación democrática desde la escuela, que pueda aportar hábitos trasladables a otros ámbitos sociales, contribuyendo a formar actitudes deliberativas, necesarias para participar activamente. El marco utilizado es, en el caso de las teorías del aprendizaje y como soporte metodológico, el principio de Zona de Desarrollo Próximo (Vigotsky) y el supuesto de aprendizaje práctico/participativo (Rogoff), además de brindar algunas concepciones sobre filosofía política en educación (Gutman).Respecto al marco normativo, se presta atención al cuerpo jurídico internacional sobre derechos humanos poniendo énfasis en la esfera de la educación, las recientes leyes argentinas de educación (2006) y de protección de la infancia y la adolescencia (2006). Palabras clave: autoridad democrática, diálogo horizontal, ciudadanía activa, talleres pedagógicos. AbstractThis work aims to be an instrument of reflection on the historical role of authority in the classroom. The assumption is that authoritarian periods have left footprints in the cosmologies of teacher, hence authori­tarianisms resists to leave. This prevents the emphasis on didactic cooperative attitudes and actions, thus subduing fundamental rights, mainly those referred to infancy and adolescence. The teachers´ and students´ democratic participation is emphasized, remarking the exaltation of a kind of socialization framed by the democratic participation from the school, which can bring habits transferable to other social areas, facilitating the development of the deliberative attitudes needed to participate actively. The theoretical framework is, in the case of learning theories and as a methodological support, the principle of Near Area Development (Vigotsky) and as the second argument, we use the assumption of learning by doing/participatory (Rogoff). In the first case, a task that is done with help today will be autonomously tomorrow. For the latter, it means participatory activities in order to achieve habits that may relocate to other social environments. In the case of Guttmann, it is looking for framing issues of political theory of education, mainly those related to the new skills a twenty-first century citizenship must acquire. Regarding the regulatory framework, attention is paid to international norms on human rights with empha­sis on education, recent Argentinean education laws (2006) and new laws on childhood and adolescence protection (2006). Keywords: democratic authority, horizontal dialogue, active citizenship, pedagogical workshops.