ESQUEMAS DE ZONIFICACIÓN AMBIENTAL PARA LA PLANIFICACIÓN REGIONAL URBANA

La práctica y teorías de la planificación urbana han avanzado históricamente hacia  la  incorporación de  temas  y análisis  intersectoriales,  fundamentalmente aquellos en  relación con  la base  territorial y el ambiente. En materia de zonificación urbana se han  hecho esfuerzos por  incorporar  la variable ambiental a  la planificación urbana. El presente artículo hace un recuento general de  la evolución del concepto de zonificación tradicional  hacia  la    zonificación  ambiental  territorial,  la  macrozonificación  y  la zonificación  por  rendimiento.  Finalmente  plantea  el  acercamiento  metodológico planteado  como  parte  de  la  estrategia  de  la  Fase  III  del  Plan Nacional  de Desarrollo Urbano  de  Costa  Rica  en  relación  con  la  macrozonificación  por  rendimiento,  como ejemplo de  la puesta en práctica de  las más  recientes herramientas en  la planificación urbano- regional de un Área Metropolitana (PRUGAM). Abstract:The Urban Planning practice and  theory  has  historically developed  towards the inclusion of more comprehensive themes and analyses, fundamentally those that are environmentally  and  territorially  related. Within  this  context,  urban  zoning  has made significant efforts  to  incorporate the environmental component  in planning. The article makes  a  general  account  of  the  evolution  of  zoning  from  its  traditional  form  to environmental land zoning, macro zoning and performance zoning. Finally it establishes the  Costa  Rica’s National Urban Development  Plan methodological  approach  for  its phase III with regards to performance macro zoning as an example of putting the more recent  zoning  and  planning  theories  to  practice  in  a  regional  Plan  for  a metropolitan area.

Determination of factors related to the abandonment of the practice of swimming by former costa rican swimmers

The objective of this study was to determine the importance of different dimensions as the possible causes for the abandonment of the practice of swimming by former Costa Rican swimmers.  Subjects: 51 former swimmers participated, including 17 men (22 ±3.4 years of age) and 34 women (22.5 ±3.4 years of age) from different Costa Rican swimming teams.  The Questionnaire of Reasons for Attrition in the Practice of Sports (Gould et al, 1982; cited by Salguero, Tuero, and Márquez, 2003) was used.  Results:  A positive relationship was noted between perceptions of low skill and low performance (r: 0.372), while negative relationships were noted between years of practice and low skill (r:-0.337), years of practice and influence from others (r:-0.286), and years of practice and starting age for swimming (r:-0.622).  A significant interaction was found in the dimensions gender of participants (F: 2.952; p<0.05) and starting age for swimming (F: 3.147; p<0.01).  An interaction was also found between dimensions and the desire to swim again (F: 2.485; p>0.05).  There were also significant differences in the years of practice; that is, subjects who started before the age of 10 had a higher average of years of practice than those who started later (F: 21.465; p<0.05).  Additionally, a significant interaction was found in weekly hours of swimming practice (F: 2.072; p<0.05).  There were no significant differences (F: 2.535; p>0.05) according to weekly hours of training when subjects were actively swimming. Conclusions: Possible reasons for dropping out were lack of enjoyment and poor physical condition for men and perception of lack of team spirit for women.  The group that started after the age of ten gives similar importance to all the dimensions as possible reasons for dropping out, while the group that began swimming before the age of ten sees lack of team spirit, lack of enjoyment, and poor physical condition as the key reasons for dropping out.  The most important dimensions that represented the reasons for abandonment in subjects who wanted to swim again were lack of team spirit, poor physical condition and low skill, while lack of enjoyment was the most important reason for subjects who do not want to swim again.  In the group of subjects who would swim less than six hours, lack of team spirit is the most important cause, while the dimension lack of enjoyment was the most important reason for subjects who would swim 6 to 12 hours.  Additionally, the highest dropout percentages were observed in the transition from secondary school to college.

Beliefs, Teaching Practice and Proposals for the Attention of Cultural Diversity: the Case of a Costa Rican Teaching and Three Nicaraguans Infants

This article presents data from a research that studied a teacher belief regarding three Nicaraguan students. Specifically, presents findings related to teaching practice and its relation to diverse education proposals. It includes an analysis of four subcategories: daily dynamic of a teacher who works with infants of another culture, students’ assessment in the classroom, discipline strategies to children, and diverse beliefs and proposals. The data shows that, in the classroom, the teacher does not demonstrate different treatment to Nicaraguan and Costa Rican children, suggesting that equal treatment is the strategy per se used by the teacher to solve the issue of cultural diversity in the classroom. On the other hand, discipline is assumed by the teacher with scolding criteria, using a loud tone of voice and aggressive vocabulary.