Determination of factors related to the abandonment of the practice of swimming by former costa rican swimmers

The objective of this study was to determine the importance of different dimensions as the possible causes for the abandonment of the practice of swimming by former Costa Rican swimmers.  Subjects: 51 former swimmers participated, including 17 men (22 ±3.4 years of age) and 34 women (22.5 ±3.4 years of age) from different Costa Rican swimming teams.  The Questionnaire of Reasons for Attrition in the Practice of Sports (Gould et al, 1982; cited by Salguero, Tuero, and Márquez, 2003) was used.  Results:  A positive relationship was noted between perceptions of low skill and low performance (r: 0.372), while negative relationships were noted between years of practice and low skill (r:-0.337), years of practice and influence from others (r:-0.286), and years of practice and starting age for swimming (r:-0.622).  A significant interaction was found in the dimensions gender of participants (F: 2.952; p<0.05) and starting age for swimming (F: 3.147; p<0.01).  An interaction was also found between dimensions and the desire to swim again (F: 2.485; p>0.05).  There were also significant differences in the years of practice; that is, subjects who started before the age of 10 had a higher average of years of practice than those who started later (F: 21.465; p<0.05).  Additionally, a significant interaction was found in weekly hours of swimming practice (F: 2.072; p<0.05).  There were no significant differences (F: 2.535; p>0.05) according to weekly hours of training when subjects were actively swimming. Conclusions: Possible reasons for dropping out were lack of enjoyment and poor physical condition for men and perception of lack of team spirit for women.  The group that started after the age of ten gives similar importance to all the dimensions as possible reasons for dropping out, while the group that began swimming before the age of ten sees lack of team spirit, lack of enjoyment, and poor physical condition as the key reasons for dropping out.  The most important dimensions that represented the reasons for abandonment in subjects who wanted to swim again were lack of team spirit, poor physical condition and low skill, while lack of enjoyment was the most important reason for subjects who do not want to swim again.  In the group of subjects who would swim less than six hours, lack of team spirit is the most important cause, while the dimension lack of enjoyment was the most important reason for subjects who would swim 6 to 12 hours.  Additionally, the highest dropout percentages were observed in the transition from secondary school to college.

Breve reseña histórica de la evolución y el desarrollo del derecho a la educación

This article seeks to illustrate the path that the conception of the Right to Education has followed and the interpretation that has being made of it in the different stages. In each one of these stages, the experts in the subject have categorized this Right from the beginning, locating it among Human Rights in the fundamental place that it deserves, or that should deserve, serving as an entrance door to the enjoyment of a full social citizenship, that becomes aware and guarantor of many other Rights that derive from it.

PROBLEMAS NORMATIVO-OPERATIVOS EN LA PRESTACIÓN EFECTIVA DE LOS DERECHOS ECONÓMICOS, SOCIALES Y CULTURALES COMO DERECHOS HUMANOS BÁSICOS

ResumenEl presente artículo pretende establecer al menos, cuatro problemáticas que inciden o afectan la plenitud de  los derechos  económicos,  sociales  y  culturales  como derechos humanos de disfrute general. Las problemáticas por analizar consisten en la implementación; derecho mínimo exigible; justiciabilidad y decisiones políticas de los Estados, y en consecuencia en cada una de estas variables se examinará en que medida inciden en el desarrollo pleno de los citados derechos.  Se establece como idea central del ensayo, que tales derechos presentan problemas que empiezan desde su limitada concepción normativa (art. 2 Pacto Internacional Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales), hasta los factores cotidianos que igualmente limitan su alcance extensivo.  Palabras clave:libertad, igualdad, derechos económicos, sociales y culturales, prestaciones sociales, problemáticas de los derechos, recursos materiales, ajuste estructural, Estado, progresividad, garantía y reconocimiento de los derechos.AbstractThis article seeks to establish at least four issues that impact or affect the fulfllment of economic, social and cultural human rights of general enjoyment. The issues to be analyzed consist of implementation; minimum rights,  justiciability and political decisions of states, and therefore each of these variables will be examined to what extent affect the full development of those rights. Is established as the central idea of the trial, that these rights have problems starting from its conception limited legislation (art. 2 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights), to the everyday factors that also limit their scope extended.Keywords: freedom, equality, economic, social and cultural rights, social, benefts rights issues, structural adjustment, state, minimum rights, conceptions of freedom applied, state responsibility, escalation of rights and recognition, guarantee rights.