Antecedente nacional e internacional sobre la percepci��n y los derechos de las ni��as, los ni��os, los y las adolescentes

Until the middle of the XVIII Century, children were considered as miniature adults, but with Jean Jacob Rousseau the study of the development of the human being was started and the foundation was set up for the new science of Paidology (the study of children), wich focuses on the different intellectual and physical conflicts which children face, and also for other sciencies such as Paidofilaxis, Pueroculture and Pediatrics. The Society of Nations, created, in 1919, the Consultancy for the Trafficking of Women and the Protection of Children, and in Geneva, the International Union for Aid was founded in 1920. In Argentina, the First American Congress for Children was organized in 1916, and others followed. The first Declaration of Childrens Right was proclaimed in 1924 and then followed the first Ten Commandments of Childrens Rights. In Costa Rica in 1929, a project was presented for the Constitutional Congress to establish an institution for the protection of children, wich was duly enacted into law in 1930 with the name of National Institution for the Protection of Children (Patronato Nacional de la Infancia, PANI) whose duty was to oversee the welfare of minors and their physical, intellectual, moral and emotional development. In 1930, the first Declaration of the Rights for Costarrican Children was proclaimed. The creation of the PANI, the declaration of Childrens Rights, and the enactment of a Code for Infants (1932), constitute the three events that signal Costa Rica as one of the pioneers countries in Latin American and the World, in the protectionof children and mothers. At the end of the article, some of the crucial events that have happened during the decades that PANI has been working in the country are analized.

El relativismo cultural y su tutela jur��dica en el sistema internacional de protecci��n de los derechos humanos

ResumenEste trabajo pretende abordar desde un enfoque deductivo, el fen��meno del relativismo cultural. Es as�� como se parten de las premisas te��ricas y conceptuales de lo que se entiende por este tipo de relativismo, su contraste con los derechos humanos de alcance universal, hasta llegar a su implementaci��n a trav��s de diferentes normas internacionales. Se analizar��n las principales fuentes, consistentes en tratados, conferencias y declaraciones, en las que se visualiza la tutela y defensa del relativismo cultural. Finalmente, se reflexionar�� en torno a la efectividad de la salvaguarda de esta modalidad de relativismo y las particularidades propias de cada una de las fuentes jur��dicas y pol��ticas invocadas. Palabras clave: relativismo cultural, cultura, civilizaci��n occidental, libertad cultural, derechos humanos, universalismo, tratados internacionales, pacto internacional de derechos econ��micos, sociales y culturales, convenci��n internacional de la eliminaci��n de todas las formas de discriminaci��n racial, Conferencia Mundial de Derechos Humanos, Declaraci��n de Durban, Organizaci��n internacional del Trabajo, UNESCO.AbstractThis paper attempts to deal with, from a deductive approach, the phenomenon of cultural relativism. This is how it starts from the theoretical and conceptual foundations of what is understood by this kind of relativism, its contrast with the universal human rights reaching, to its implementation through various international standards. It analyzed the major sources,consisting of treaties, conferences and declarations, which displays the protection and defenseof cultural relativism. Finally, it reflects on the effectiveness of safeguarding this kind of relativism and the particularities of each of the legal and political sources cited.Keywords: Cultural relativism, Culture, Western Civilization, Cultural Freedom, Human Rights, Universal, International treaties, The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural, International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, World Conference on Human Rights, International Labour Organization, UNESCO.��

Gestión tecnol��gica y desarrollo sostenible: deficiencias del marco institucional y de pol��ticas en Costa Rica

Al analizar la problem��tica del desarrollo, hay coincidencia de que el estilo de desarrollo que se viene aplicando en las ��ltimas d��cadas en los pa��ses subdesarrollados, no lleva a la sostenibilidad, pues no logra la satisfacci��n de las necesidades de amplios sectores de la poblaci��n que viven en situaci��n de pobreza, y porque se viene generando un cada vez m��s evidente da��o ambiental.Tambi��n podr��a afirmarse que hay alg��n consenso en la afirmaci��n de que los pa��ses en desarrollo dif��cilmente lograr��n el desarrollo sostenible sin un crecimiento sostenido de la actividad econ��mica.Sin embargo, no se puede afirmar que por s�� mismo el crecimiento econ��mico pueda llevar a la satisfacci��n de necesidades presentes y futuras y al mejoramiento de la calidad ambiental. As��, el crecimiento podr��a considerarse como un requisito necesario, pero nunca como un mecanismo suficiente para la sostenibilidad.

Autonom��a(s) e interculturalidad en un modelo de gestión cultural ���otro���

Mainly, this model seeks the rupture of ���the monopolic and totalizing culture��� and in that way, to guarantee not only intercultural dialogues but also our own acquisition of realities and contexts coming from the cultural managers, with the purpose of being able to transform them.

TURISMO E CULTURA: UM ESTUDO SOBRE O PATRIM��NIO HIST��RICO-CULTURAL DE LONDRINA COMO ATRATIVO

Na�� atualidade, verifica-se que em muitas cidades, especialmente nas mais antigas, existe a mercantiliza����o do patrim��nio hist��rico-cultural pela atividade tur��stica. Diante desta realidade, o artigo tem como objetivo discutir a apropria����o dos bens patrimoniais em Londrina-PR que, nos ��ltimos anos, vem investindo no turismo de eventos e neg��cios na cidade e que, apesar do importante acervo hist��rico-cultural que possui, e da ampla divulga����o, este ainda n��o �� valorizado pela popula����o local e pelos turistas. Atrav��s de pesquisa bibliogr��fica�� e trabalho de campo�� levantaram-se alguns bens materiais e imateriais, buscando-se analisar a import��ncia dos bens patrimoniais como referenciais identit��rios para a popula����o, ao mesmo tempo em que possuem um valor econ��mico, quando apropriados pelo turismo. Em seguida, buscou-se destacar a import��ncia crescente do turismo de eventos�� e neg��cios�� em Londrina e como se d�� a utiliza����o do patrim��nio da cidade, visto que a cidade n��o desenvolve o turismo cultural. Por fim, foram�� sugeridas algumas alternativas de conserva����o do patrim��nio atrav��s do desenvolvimento do turismo de eventos e neg��cios.��

III SEMINARIO INTERNACIONAL SOBRE RECURSOS NATURALES DE LA CUENCA DEL PACIFICO

No presenta resumen este documento.