Training and Updating of Education Boards in Indigenous Schools of Rural Areas: Strengthening Local Education Management

Education management in the schools of indigenous rural areas faces a number of difficulties to implement and comply with the guidelines and requirements of the laws related to budgetary management of resources allocated to Education or Administrative Boards. In addition to being located in scattered rural areas, far from the municipal heads and regional offices of the Ministry of Public Education, one of the main obstacles is that all regulations, laws and guidelines are written in Spanish, and there is people, in this indigenous rural communities, who do not speak, write, read or understand this language. This puts them at an enormous disadvantage, which has a direct impact on the indigenous children’s right to education.

Aplicaciones del sistema de eslabones de PUNI a la preparación psicológica de un equipo de fútbol ante competiciones concretas

El sistema de eslabones propuesto por PUNI se basa en una serie de pasos fundamentales en la preparación psicológica de los deportistas ante una competencia concreta. En primera instancia se hace referencia a: (a) la selección de información necesaria, suficiente y confiable acerca de las condiciones de la próxima competición y sobre las particularidades del rival, (b) al análisis de los recursos y posibilidades del propio equipo, (c) a la definición de estrategias de juego y de objetivos específicos individuales, (d) a la actualización de motivos personal y socialmente importantes en concordancia con los objetivos de la participación, (e) a la modelación de condiciones de la próxima competición, (f) a la preparación especial para el encuentro, utilizando obstáculos competitivos de diversa gravedad (especialmente acontecimientos inesperados), (g) a la definición de mecanismos de autorregulación de estados internos desfavorables y (h) a la selección y utilización de procedimientos de activación psicofísica precompetitiva óptima.

Relevant Aspects on Teaching Probability and Statistics in Basic General Education

Probability and Statistics were included in the Basic General Education curricula by the Ministry of Public Education (Costa Rica), since 1995. To analyze the teaching reality in these fields, a research was conducted in two educational regions of the country: Heredia and Pérez Zeledón. The survey included university training and updating processes of teachers teaching Statistics and Probability in the schools. The research demonstrated the limited university training in these fields, the dissatisfaction of teachers about it, and the poor support of training institutions to their professional exercise.

ENCADENAMIENTOS PRODUCTIVOS Y CLUSTERS: UNA ESTRATEGIA PARA FORTALECER LAS MICRO Y PEQUEÑAS EMPRESAS DEL TURISMO RURAL

Los modelos de gestión empresarial deben estar en constante actualización según las diversas exigencias del entorno globalizador, razón por la cual, las micro y pequeñas empresas requieren de una visión estratégica y de  generación de calidad y oportunidad en los productos y servicios que deben ofrecer.  Para esto, requiere una capacidad de romper los paradigmas de gestión que le funcionaron en otros momentos de la historia, para poder enfrentar las exigencias del entorno actual. Dentro de éste escenario de mercado, se encuentran muchas micro y pequeñas empresas dedicadas a la actividad del turismo, y particularmente del turismo rural, sector que es uno de los más dinámico en las economías que han generado estrategias para estimularlo y conservarlo; unas de esas estrategias de organización son la conformación de clusters y los encadenamientos productivos, los cuales son empresas que se encuentran dentro de un mismo sector y en una determinada zona geográfica, con el propósito de optimizar sus recursos y brindar servicio integrado y mejor al segmento de mercado que atienden.Palabras claves: Turismo rural, clusters, encadenamientos productivos, micro y pequeñas empresas, gestión turística.Abstracts: Business management models must be under continuous updating to keep up with the different requirements from a globalizing environment.  For this reason micro and small businesses need a strategic vision and the generation of quality and opportunity in the products and services they must offer.  To accomplish this end, they need the capacity to break management models that worked in other times of history, to be able to meet all the challenges from the current environment.  It is within this market scenario that many micro and small businesses are found, businesses that are dedicated to the activity of tourism, and particularly rural tourism, a sector which happens to be one of the most dynamic in the economies that have generated strategies to stimulate it and keep it; one of these organization strategies are the design of clusters and productive chains, that are those businesses found within one single sector and in a particular geographical region, in order to optimize its resources and be able to give an integrated and better service to the market segment they serve.Key words: Rural, tourism., clusters, productive chains, micro and small businesses., tourism management.

Algunos aspectos periciales que intervienen en la valoración de condominios con fines fiscales en Costa Rica, un caso de estudio (ING)

This paper clarifies doubts concerning the valuations of condominium performed for tax purposes in Costa Rica. It distinguishes the different steps in this process, and the difficulties and its implementation. Cadastral valuation for tax purposes of horizontal and vertical condominium is included, and a comparative analysis between current regulations and the work that is being performed is made.