Diabetic ketoacidosis and electroencephalographic changes in newly diagnosed pediatric patients

Objective: To document electroencephalogram (EEG) changes and their correlation with clinical parameters in a newly diagnosed pediatric cohort of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients with and without diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and to define their medium term utility and significance. Research design and methods: Prospective longitudinal study of children presenting with T1DM. EEGs were performed within 24 h of diagnosis, day 5, and at 6 months post-diagnosis and reviewed by a neurologist blinded to clinical status. Severity of encephalopathy was graded from 1 to 5 using the Aoki and Lombroso encephalopathy scale. Cognitive abilities were assessed using standardized tests of attention, memory, and intelligence. Results: Eighty eight children were recruited; 34 presented with DKA. Abnormal background slowing was more often observed in the first 24 h in children with DKA (p = 0.01). Encephalopathy scores on day 1 correlated with initial pH, CO2, HCO3, base excess, respiratory rate, heart rate, diastolic blood pressure, and IV fluid intake (all parameters p < 0.05). EEG scores at day 1 did not correlate with contemporaneous mental state or cognition in the medium term. Conclusions: DKA was associated with significant clinical and neurophysiologic signs of brain dysfunction at presentation. While EEG is sensitive to the detection of encephalopathy in newly diagnosed T1DM, it has limited use in identifying children at risk of later cognitive deficits.

Novel synthesis of superparamagnetic Ni-Co-B nanoparticles and their effect on superconductor properties of MgB2

A new procedure for the preparation of amorphous Ni-Co-B nanoparticles is reported, with a detailed investigation of their morphology by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, as well as their magnetic properties. Many factors, such as chemical composition, anisotropy, size and shape of the particles, were controlled through chemical synthesis, resulting in the control of morphological and magnetic properties of the nanoparticles. Controlling pH values with ethylenediamine and using sodium dodecyl sulfate surfactant lowered the size of the nanoparticles to below 10 nm. Such a small structure and chemical disorder in nanocrystalline materials lead to magnetic properties that are different from those in their bulk-sized counterparts. The obtained nanoparticles can be used for different purposes, from pharmaceutical applications to implementations in different materials technology. The focus of this research is the synthesis of Ni-Co-B nanoparticles in a new way and studying the reaction of Ni-Co-B nanoparticles with Mg and B precursors and their effect on MgB2 properties. New nanostructures are formed in the reaction of Ni-Co-B nanoparticles with Mg: Mg2Ni, Co2Mg and possibly Mg2Co.

Aqueous colloidal stability evaluated by zeta potential measurement and resultant TiO2 for superior photovoltaic performance

Controlling the morphological structure of titanium dioxide (TiO 2) is crucial for obtaining superior power conversion efficiency for dye-sensitized solar cells. Although the sol-gel-based process has been developed for this purpose, there has been limited success in resisting the aggregation of nanostructured TiO2, which could act as an obstacle for mass production. Herein, we report a simple approach to improve the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) by controlling the degree of aggregation and particle surface charge through zeta potential analysis. We found that different aqueous colloidal conditions, i.e., potential of hydrogen (pH), water/titanium alkoxide (titanium isopropoxide) ratio, and surface charge, obviously led to different particle sizes in the range of 10-500 nm. We have also shown that particles prepared under acidic conditions are more effective for DSSC application regarding the modification of surface charges to improve dye loading and electron injection rate properties. Power conversion efficiency of 6.54%, open-circuit voltage of 0.73 V, short-circuit current density of 15.32 mA/cm2, and fill factor of 0.73 were obtained using anatase TiO 2 optimized to 10-20 nm in size, as well as by the use of a compact TiO2 blocking layer.

Preparation of reticulated MAX-phase support with morphology-controllable nanostructured ceria coating for gas exhaust catalyst devices

Reticulated porous Ti3AlC2 ceramic, a member of the MAX-phase family (Mn+1AXn phases, where M is an early transition metal, A is an A-group element, and X is carbon and/or nitrogen), was prepared from the highly dispersed aqueous suspension by a replica template method. Through a cathodic electrogeneration method, nanocrystalline catalytic CeO2 coatings were deposited on the conductive porous Ti 3AlC2 supports. By adjusting the pH value and cathodic deposition current, coatings exhibiting nanocellar, nanosheets-like, or bubble-free morphologies can be obtained. This work expects to introduce a novel practically feasible material system and a catalytic coating preparation technique for gas exhaust catalyst devices.

Electrophoretic deposition of Ti3Si(Al)C2 from aqueous suspension

Ti3Si(Al)C2 films were electrophoretically deposited at 3 V on indium-tin-oxide (ITO) conductive glass from Ti3Si(Al) C2 aqueous suspension with 1 vol% solid loading at pH 9 in the absence of any dispersant. The surface morphology, cross section microstructure, and preferred orientation of the films were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The as-deposited Ti3Si(Al)C 2 films exhibited (00l) preferred orientation and the thickness can be controlled by the deposition-drying-deposition method. These results demonstrate that electrophoretic deposition is a simple and feasible method to prepare MAX-phases green films at room temperature.

Hydrolysis and dispersion properties of aqueous Y2Si 2O7 suspensions

The dispersion of aqueous γ-Y2Si2O7 suspensions, which contain only one component but have a complex ion environment, was studied by the introduction of two different polymer dispersants, polyethylenimine (PEI) and polyacrylic acid (PAA). The suspension without any dispersant remains stable in the pH range of 9-11.5 because of electrostatic repulsion, while it is flocculated upon stirring due to the readsorption of hydrolyzed ions on the colloid surface. However, suspensions with 1 dwb% PEI exhibit greater stability in the pH range of 4-11.5. The addition of PEI shifts the isoelectric point (IEP) of the suspensions from pH 5.8 to 10.8. Near the IEP (pHIEP=10.8), the stability of the suspensions with PEI is dominated by the steric effect. When the pH is decreased to acid direction, the stabilization mechanism is changed from steric hindrance to an electrosteric effect little by little. PAA also has the effect of reducing the hydrolysis speed via a "buffer effect" in the basic pH range, but the lack of adsorption between the highly ionized anionic polymer molecules and the negative colloid particle surfaces shows no positive effect on hydrolysis of colloids and on the stabilization of Y2Si 2O7 suspensions.

Surface chemistry, dispersion behavior, and slip casting of Ti 3AlC2 suspensions

The surface chemistry and dispersion properties of aqueous Ti 3AlC2 suspension were studied in terms of hydrolysis, adsorption, electrokinetic, and rheological measurements. The Ti 3AlC2 particle had complex surface hydroxyl groups, such as ≡Ti-OH,=Al-OH, and -OTi-(OH)2, etc. The surface charging of the Ti3AlC2 particle and the ion environment of suspensions were governed by these surface groups, which thus strongly influenced the stability of Ti3AlC2 suspensions. PAA dispersant was added into the Ti3AlC2 suspension to depress the hydrolysis of the surface groups by the adsorption protection mechanism and to increase the stability of the suspension by the steric effect. Ti3AlC2 suspensions with 2.0 dwb% PAA had an excellent stability at pH=∼5 and presented the characteristics of Newtonian fluid. Based on the well-dispersed suspension, dense Ti3AlC2 materials were obtained by slip casting and after pressureless sintering. This work provides a feasible forming method for the engineering applications of MAX-phase ceramics, wherein complex shapes, large dimensions, or controlled microstructures are needed.

Nano-confined synthesis of fullerene mesoporous carbon (C60-FMC) with bimodal pores: XRD, TEM, structural properties, NMR, and protein immobilization

Nanoconfined synthesized crystalline fullerene mesoporous carbon (C60-FMC) with bimodal pore architectures of 4.95 nm and 10-15 nm pore sizes characterized by XRD, TEM, nitrogen adsorption/ desorption isotherm and solid-state NMR, and the material was used for protein immobilization. The solid-state 13C NMR spectrum of C60-FMC along with XRD, BET and TEM confirms the formation of fullerene mesoporous carbon structure C60-FMC. The immobilization of albumin (from bovine serum, BSA) protein biomolecule in a buffer solution at pH 4.7 was used to determine the adsorption properties of the C60-FMC material and its structural changes investigated by FT-IR. We demonstrated that the C60-FMC with high surface area and pore volumes have excellent adsorption capacity towards BSA protein molecule. Protein adsorption experiments clearly showed that the C60-FMC with bimodal pore architectures (4.95 nm and 10-15 nm) are suitable material to be used for protein adsorption