Spectrum sensing optimisation for dynamic primary user signal

We propose a multi-layer spectrum sensing optimisation algorithm to maximise sensing efficiency by computing the optimal sensing and transmission durations for a fast changing, dynamic primary user. Dynamic primary user traffic is modelled as a random process, where the primary user changes states during both the sensing period and transmission period to reflect a more realistic scenario. Furthermore, we formulate joint constraints to correctly reflect interference to the primary user and lost opportunity of the secondary user during the transmission period. Finally, we implement a novel duty cycle based detector that is optimised with respect to PU traffic to accurately detect primary user activity during the sensing period. Simulation results show that unlike currently used detection models, the proposed algorithm can jointly optimise the sensing and transmission durations to simultaneously satisfy the optimisation constraints for the considered primary user traffic.

Antiproton induced DNA damage : proton like in flight, carbon-ion light near rest

Biological validation of new radiotherapy modalities is essential to understand their therapeutic potential. Antiprotons have been proposed for cancer therapy due to enhanced dose deposition provided by antiproton-nucleon annihilation. We assessed cellular DNA damage and relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of a clinically relevant antiproton beam. Despite a modest LET (~19 keV/μm), antiproton spread out Bragg peak (SOBP) irradiation caused significant residual γ-H2AX foci compared to X-ray, proton and antiproton plateau irradiation. RBE of ~1.48 in the SOBP and ~1 in the plateau were measured and used for a qualitative effective dose curve comparison with proton and carbon-ions. Foci in the antiproton SOBP were larger and more structured compared to X-rays, protons and carbon-ions. This is likely due to overlapping particle tracks near the annihilation vertex, creating spatially correlated DNA lesions. No biological effects were observed at 28–42 mm away from the primary beam suggesting minimal risk from long-range secondary particles.

Multi-objective design optimisation of GFRP sandwich beams

A novel Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) sandwich panel was developed by an Australian manufacturer for civil engineering applications. This research is motivated by the new applications of GFRP sandwich structures in civil engineering such as slab, beam, girder and sleeper. An optimisation methodology is developed in this work to enhance the design of GFRP sandwich beams. The design of single and glue laminated GFRP sandwich beam were conducted by using numerical optimisation. The numerical multi-objective optimisation considered a design two objectives simultaneously. These objectives are cost and mass. The numerical optimisation uses the Adaptive Range Multi-objective Genetic Algorithm (ARMOGA) and Finite Element (FE) method. Trade-offs between objectives was found during the optimisation process. Multi-objective optimisation shows a core to skin mass ratio equal to 3.68 for the single sandwich beam cross section optimisation and it showed that the optimum core to skin thickness ratio is 11.0.

Analysis and optimisation of the preferences of decision-makers in black-start group decision-making

As the first stage of power system restoration after a blackout, an optimal black-start scheme is very important for speeding up the whole restoration procedure. Up to now, much research work has been done on generating or selecting an optimal black-start scheme by a single round of decision-making. However, less attention has been paid for improving the final decision-making results through a multiple-round decision-making procedure. In the group decision-making environment, decision-making results evaluated by different black-start experts may differ significantly with each other. Thus, the consistency of black-start decision-making results could be deemed as an important indicator in assessing the black-start group decision-making results. Given this background, an intuitionistic fuzzy distance-based method is presented to analyse the consistency of black-start group decision-making results. Moreover, the weights of black-start indices as well as the weights of decision-making experts are modified in order to optimise the consistency of black-start group decision-making results. Finally, an actual example is served for demonstrating the proposed method.

Blocking layer optimisation of poly(3-hexylthiopene)based solid state dye sensitized solar cells

The optimisation study of the fabrication of a compact TiO2 blocking layer (via Spray Pyrolysis Deposition) for poly (3-hexylthiopene) (P3HT) for Solid State Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (SDSCs) is reported. We used a novel spray TiO2 precursor solution composition obtained by adding acetylacetone to a conventional formulation (Diisopropoxytitanium bis (acetylacetonate) in ethanol). By Scanning Electron Microscopy a TiO2 layer with compact morphology and thickness of around 100 nmis shown. Through a Tafel plot analysis an enhancement of the device diode-like behaviour induced by the acetylacetone blocking layer respect to the conventional one is observed. Significantly, the device fabricatedwith the acetylacetone blocking layer shows an overall increment of the cell performance with respect to the cellwith the conventional one (DJsc/Jsc = +13.8%, DFF/FF = +39.7%, DPCE/PCE = +55.6%). A conversion efficiency optimumis found for 15 successive spray cycles where the diode-like behaviour of the acetylacetone blocking layer is more effective. Over three batches of cells (fabricated with P3HT and dye D35) an average conversion efficiency value of 3.9% (under a class A sun simulator with 1 sun A.M. 1.5 illumination conditions) was measured. From the best cell we fabricated a conversion efficiency value of 4.5% was extracted. This represents a significant increment with respect to previously reported values for P3HT/dye D35 based SDSCs.

A Flight control scheme to improve position tracking performance of rotary-wing UASs

This paper outlines an innovative and feasible flight control scheme for a rotary-wing unmanned aerial system (RUAS) with guaranteed safety and reliable flight quality in a gusty environment. The proposed control methodology aims to increase gust-attenuation capability of a RUAS to ensure improved flight performance when strong gusts occur. Based on the design of an effective estimator, an altitude controller is firstly constructed to synchronously compensate for fluctuations of the main rotor thrust which might lead to crashes in a gusty environment. Afterwards, a nonlinear state feedback controller is proposed to stabilize horizontal positions of the RUAS with gust-attenuation property. Performance of the proposed control framework is evaluated using parameters of a Vario XLC helicopter and high-fidelity simulations show that the proposed controllers can effectively reduce side-effect of gusts and demonstrate performance improvement when compared with the proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers.

A neural-network based flight controller for UASs

This paper presents a nonlinear gust-attenuation controller based on constrained neural-network (NN) theory. The controller aims to achieve sufficient stability and handling quality for a fixed-wing unmanned aerial system (UAS) in a gusty environment when control inputs are subjected to constraints. Constraints in inputs emulate situations where aircraft actuators fail requiring the aircraft to be operated with fail-safe capability. The proposed controller enables gust-attenuation property and stabilizes the aircraft dynamics in a gusty environment. The proposed flight controller is obtained by solving the Hamilton-Jacobi-Isaacs (HJI) equations based on an policy iteration (PI) approach. Performance of the controller is evaluated using a high-fidelity six degree-of-freedom Shadow UAS model. Simulations show that our controller demonstrates great performance improvement in a gusty environment, especially in angle-of-attack (AOA), pitch and pitch rate. Comparative studies are conducted with the proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers, justifying the efficiency of our controller and verifying its suitability for integration into the design of flight control systems for forced landing of UASs.

Aircraft collision avoidance using spherical visual predictive control and single point features

This paper presents practical vision-based collision avoidance for objects approximating a single point feature. Using a spherical camera model, a visual predictive control scheme guides the aircraft around the object along a conical spiral trajectory. Visibility, state and control constraints are considered explicitly in the controller design by combining image and vehicle dynamics in the process model, and solving the nonlinear optimization problem over the resulting state space. Importantly, range is not required. Instead, the principles of conical spiral motion are used to design an objective function that simultaneously guides the aircraft along the avoidance trajectory, whilst providing an indication of the appropriate point to stop the spiral behaviour. Our approach is aimed at providing a potential solution to the See and Avoid problem for unmanned aircraft and is demonstrated through a series.

Metabolic urinary profiling of alcohol hepatotoxicity and intervention effects of Yin Chen Hao Tang in rats using ultra-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometry

This paper was designed to study metabonomic characters of the hepatotoxicity induced by alcohol and the intervention effects of Yin Chen Hao Tang (YCHT), a classic traditional Chinese medicine formula for treatment of jaundice and liver disorders in China. Urinary samples from control, alcohol- and YCHT-treated rats were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/ESI-QTOF-MS) in positive ionization mode. The total ion chromatograms obtained from the control, alcohol- and YCHT-treated rats were easily distinguishable using a multivariate statistical analysis method such as the principal components analysis (PCA). The greatest difference in metabolic profiling was observed from alcohol-treated rats compared with the control and YCHT-treated rats. The positive ions m/z 664.3126 (9.00 min) was elevated in urine of alcohol-treated rats, whereas, ions m/z 155.3547 (10.96 min) and 708.2932 (9.01 min) were at a lower concentration compared with that in urine of control rats, however, these ions did not indicate a statistical difference between control rats and YCHT-treated rats. The ion m/z 664.3126 was found to correspond to ceramide (d18:1/25:0), providing further support for an involvement of the sphingomyelin signaling pathway in alcohol hepatotoxicity and the intervention effects of YCHT.

Development of a rapid and validated method for investigating the metabolism of scoparone in rat using ultra-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Scoparone (6,7-dimethoxycoumarin) is known to have a wide range of pharmacological properties. In this study, a rapid and validated ultra-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/ESI-QTof-MS) method was developed to investigate the metabolism of scoparone in rat for the first time. The new method reduced the sample handling and analytical time by three- to six-fold, and the detection limit by five- to 1000-fold, compared to published methods. Far more metabolites were detected and identified compared to published data, which were preliminarily identified as scopoletin, isoscopoletin, isofraxidin, and fraxidin, respectively, when subjected to tandem mass spectrometry analyses. It is found that the metabolic trajectory of scoparone in rat focused on phase I metabolism which is obviously different from published results, and revealed a wide range of pharmacological properties of scoparone partly attributed to the bioactivities of its metabolites.

Improved ultra-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization quadrupole-time-of-flight high-definition mass spectrometry method for the rapid analysis of the chemical constituents of a typical medical formula: Liuwei Dihuang Wan

Liuwei Dihuang Wan (LWD), a classic Chinese medicinal formulae, has been used to improve or restore declined functions related to aging and geriatric diseases, such as impaired mobility, vision, hearing, cognition and memory. It has attracted increasingly much attention as one of the most popular and valuable herbal medicines. However, the systematic analysis of the chemical constituents of LDW is difficult and thus has not been well established. In this paper, a rapid, sensitive and reliable ultra-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight high-definition mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS) method with automated MetaboLynx analysis in positive and negative ion mode was established to characterize the chemical constituents of LDW. The analysis was performed on a Waters UPLCTM HSS T3 using a gradient elution system. MS/MS fragmentation behavior was proposed for aiding the structural identification of the components. Under the optimized conditions, a total of 50 peaks were tentatively characterized by comparing the retention time and MS data. It is concluded that a rapid and robust platform based on UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS has been successfully developed for globally identifying multiple-constituents of traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions. This is the first report on systematic analysis of the chemical constituents of LDW. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Flight validation of a feedforward gust-attenuation controller for an autonomous helicopter

This paper presents a practical scheme to control heave motion for hover and automatic landing of a Rotary-wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (RUAV) in the presence of strong horizontal gusts. A heave motion model is constructed for the purpose of capturing dynamic variations of thrust due to horizontal gusts. Through construction of an effective gust estimator, a feedback-feedforward controller is developed which uses available measurements from onboard sensors. The proposed controller dynamically and synchronously compensates for aerodynamic variations of heave motion, enhancing disturbance-attenuation capability of the RUAV. Simulation results justify the reliability and efficiency of the suggested gust estimator. Moreover, flight tests conducted on our Eagle helicopter verify suitability of the proposed control strategy for small RUAVs operating in a gusty environment.

Photovoltaic DC-DC module integrated converter for novel cascaded and bypass grid connection topologies - design and optimisation

Grid connected photovoltaic (PV) inverters fall into three broad categories - central, string and module integrated converters (MICs). MICs offer many advantages in performance and flexibility, but are at a cost disadvantage. Two alternative novel approaches proposed by the author - cascaded dc-dc MICs and bypass dc-dc MICs - integrate a simple non-isolated intelligent dc-dc converter with each PV module to provide the advantages of dc-ac MICs at a lower cost. A suitable universal 150 W 5 A dc-dc converter design is presented based on two interleaved MOSFET half bridges. Testing shows zero voltage switching (ZVS) keeps losses under 1 W for bi-directional power flows up to 15 W between two adjacent 12 V PV modules for the bypass application, and efficiencies over 94% for most of the operational power range for the cascaded converter application. Based on the experimental results, potential optimizations to further reduce losses are discussed.

Design optimisation of ironless motors based on magnet selection

This paper considers the design of a radial flux permanent magnet iron less core brushless DC motor for use in an electric wheel drive with an integrated epicyclic gear reduction. The motor has been designed for a continuous output torque of 30 Nm and peak rating of 60 Nm with a maximum operating speed of 7000 RPM. In the design of brushless DC motors with a toothed iron stator the peak air-gap magnetic flux density is typically chosen to be close to that of the remanence value of the magnets used. This paper demonstrates that for an ironless motor the optimal peak air-gap flux density is closer to the maximum energy product of the magnets used. The use of a radial flux topology allows for high frequency operation and can be shown to give high specific power output while maintaining a relatively low magnet mass. Two-dimensional finite element analysis is used to predict the air-gap flux density. The motor design is based around commonly available NdFeB bar magnet size

Design optimisation of ironless motors based on magnet selection

This paper considers the design of a radial flux permanent magnet ironless core brushless DC motor for use in an electric wheel drive with an integrated epicyclic gear reduction. The motor has been designed for a continuous output torque of 30 Nm and peak rating of 60 Nm with a maximum operating speed of 7000 RPM. In the design of brushless DC motors with a toothed iron stator the peak air-gap magnetic flux density is typically chosen to be close to that of the remanence value of the magnets used. This paper demonstrates that for an ironless motor the optimal peak air-gap flux density is closer to the maximum energy product of the magnets used. The use of a radial flux topology allows for high frequency operation and can be shown to give high specific power output while maintaining a relatively low magnet mass. Two-dimensional finite element analysis is used to predict the airgap flux density. The motor design is based around commonly available NdFeB bar magnet size