A review of natural convection and heat transfer in attic-shaped space

This paper presents a review of studies on natural convection heat transfer in the triangular enclosure namely, in attic-shaped space. Much research activity has been devoted to this topic over the last three decades with a view to providing thermal comfort to the occupants in attic-shaped buildings and to minimising the energy costs associated with heating and air-conditioning. Two basic thermal boundary conditions of attic are considered to represent hot and cold climates or day and night time. This paper also reports on a significant number of studies which have been performed recently on other topics related to the attic space, for example, attics subject to localized heating and attics filled with porous media.

On the natural convection boundary layer adjacent to an inclined flat plate subject to ramp heating

An investigation of the natural convection boundary layer adjacent to an inclined semi-infinite plate subject to a temperature boundary condition which follows a ramp function up until some specified time and then remains constant is reported. The development of the flow from start-up to a steadystate has been described based on scaling analyses and verified by numerical simulations. Attention in this study has been given to fluids having a Prandtl number Pr less than unity. The boundary layer flow depends on the comparison of the time at which the ramp heating is completed and the time at which the boundary layer completes its growth. If the ramp time is long compared with the steady state time, the layer reaches a quasi steady mode in which the growth of the layer is governed solely by the thermal balance between convection and conduction. On the other hand, if the ramp is completed before the layer becomes steady; the subsequent growth is governed by the balance between buoyancy and inertia, as for the case of instantaneous heating.

Natural convection in a triangular enclosure subject to periodic thermal forcing

The effects of periodic thermal forcing on the flow field and heat transfer through an attic space are examined numerically in this paper. We consider the case with a fixed aspect ratio of 0.5 and a fixed Grashof number of 1.33×106. The numerical results reveal that, during the daytime, the flow is stratified; whereas at the night-time, the flow becomes unstable. A number of regular plumes and vortices are observed in the contours of isotherms and stream functions respectively. Moreover, the flow appears to be symmetric during the daytime, and becomes asymmetric at the night-time. It is also found that the flow is weaker during the daytime than that at the night-time in the present case, and the calculated heat transfer rate at the night-time is approximately three times greater than the heat transfer rate during the daytime.

Scaling analysis of unsteady natural convection boundary layer for ramp heating

A scaling analysis for the natural convection boundary layer adjacent to an inclined semi-infinite plate subject to a non-instantaneous heating in the form of an imposed wall temperature which increases linearly up to a prescribed steady value over a prescribed time is reported. The development of the flow from start-up to a steady-state has been described based on scaling analyses and verified by numerical simulations. The analysis reveals that, if the period of temperature growth on the wall is sufficiently long, the boundary layer reaches a quasisteady mode before the growth of the temperature is completed. In this mode the thermal boundary layer at first grows in thickness and then contracts with increasing time. However, if the imposed wall temperature growth period is sufficiently short, the boundary layer develops differently, but after the wall temperature growth is completed, the boundary layer develops as though the start up had been instantaneous. The steady state values of the boundary layer for both cases are ultimately the same.

Scaling analysis of unsteady natural convection boundary layer for instantaneous heating

Natural convection thermal boundary layer adjacent to an instantaneous heated inclined flat plate is investigated through a scaling analysis and verified by direct numerical simulations. It is revealed from the analysis that the development of the boundary layer may be characterized by three distinct stages, i.e. a start-up stage, a transitional stage and a steady state stage. These three stages can be clearly identified from the numerical simulations. Major scales including the flow velocity, flow development time, and the thermal and viscous boundary layer thicknesses are established to quantify the flow development at different stages and over a wide range of flow parameters. Details of the scaling analysis are described in this paper.

Natural convection adjacent to an inclined flat plate and in an attic space under various thermal forcing conditions

The effect of viscous dissipation on natural convection from a vertical plate placed in a thermally stratified environment has been investigated numerically. The reduced equations are integrated by employing the implicit finite difference scheme or Ke1ler-box method and obtained the effect of heat due to viscous dissipation on the local skin-friction and loca1 Nusselt number at various stratification levels, for fluids having Prandtl number equals 10, 50, and 100. Solutions are also obtained using the perturbation technique for small values of viscous dissipation parameters and compared with the Finite Difference solutions. Effect of the heat transfer due to viscous dissipation and the temperature stratification are also shown on the velocity and temperature distributions in the boundary layer region. A numerical study of laminar doubly diffusive free convection flows adjacent to a vertical surface in a stable thermally stratified medium is also considered for this study. Solutions are obtained using the implicit Finite Difference method and compared with the local non-similarity method. The velocity and temperature distributions for different values of stratification parameter are shown graphically. The results show many interesting aspects of complex interaction of the two buoyant mechanisms.

Scaling analysis of the unsteady natural convection boundary layer adjacent to an inclined plate for Pr > 1 following instantaneous heating

The unsteady natural convection boundary layer adjacent to an instantaneously heated inclined plate is investigated using an improved scaling analysis and direct numerical simulations. The development of the unsteady natural convection boundary layer following instantaneous heating may be classified into three distinct stages including a start-up stage, a transitional stage and a steady state stage, which can be clearly identified in the analytical and numerical results. Major scaling relations of the velocity and thicknesses and the flow development time of the natural convection boundary layer are obtained using triple-layer integral solutions and verified by direct numerical simulations over a wide range of flow parameters.

Early childhood education : the natural starting point for environmental education

Young children are most vulnerable to, and most at risk from, environmental and sustainability challenges. Early education investments aimed at addressing such issues, until recently however, have been neglected or under-rated. Fortunately, this is changing. A groundswell of practitioner interest in early childhood environmental education/ education for sustainability is emerging, in contrast to the ‘patches of green’ that have characterised previous decades. Indeed, an international coalition for early childhood education for sustainability (ECEfS) is beginning to develop, evidenced by The Gothenburg Recommendations on Education for Sustainable Development (2008) that identifies early childhood, within a framework of lifelong learning, as a ‘natural starting point’ for all ongoing education for sustainability. This document is important as it is the first international statement to explicitly identify ECEfS as contributing to education for sustainability. The next challenge for ECEfS is for practitioner mobilisation to be matched by research activity aimed at broadening and deepening practice-based responses. This is the next exciting frontier in the legitimisation of ECEfS.

Attenuation of muscle damage by preconditioning with muscle hyperthermia

This study investigated the hypothesis that muscle damage would be attenuated in muscles subjected to passive hyperthermia 1 day prior to exercise. Fifteen male students performed 24 maximal eccentric actions of the elbow flexors with one arm; the opposite arm performed the same exercise 2-4 weeks later. The elbow flexors of one arm received a microwave diathermy treatment that increased muscle temperature to over 40°C, 16-20 h prior to the exercise. The contralateral arm acted as an untreated control. Maximal voluntary isometric contraction strength (MVC), range of motion (ROM), upper arm circumference, muscle soreness, plasma creatine kinase activity and myoglobin concentration were measured 1 day prior to exercise, immediately before and after exercise, and daily for 4 days following exercise. Changes in the criterion measures were compared between conditions (treatment vs. control) using a two-way repeated measures ANOVA with a significance level of P < 0.05. All measures changed significantly following exercise, but the treatment arm showed a significantly faster recovery of MVC, a smaller change in ROM, and less muscle soreness compared with the control arm. However, the protective effect conferred by the diathermy treatment was significantly less effective compared with that seen in the second bout performed 4-6 weeks after the initial bout by a subgroup of the subjects (n = 11) using the control arm. These results suggest that passive hyperthermia treatment 1 day prior to eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage has a prophylactic effect, but the effect is not as strong as the repeated bout effect. © Springer-Verlag 2006.

Periodically forced natural convection through the roof of an attic-shaped building

In this study, numerical simulations of natural convection in an attic space subject to diurnal temperature condition on the sloping wall have been carried out. An explanation of choosing the period of periodic thermal effect has been given with help of the scaling analysis which is available in the literature. Moreover, the effects of the aspect ratio and Rayleigh number on the fluid flow and heat transfer have been discussed in details as well as the formation of a pitchfork bifurcation of the flow at the symmetric line of the enclosure.

Vibrational spectroscopy of synthetic stercorite H(NH4)Na(PO4)•4H2O – a comparison with the natural cave mineral

In order to mimic the chemical reactions in cave systems, the analogue of the mineral stercorite H(NH4)Na(PO4)•4H2O has been synthesised. X-ray diffraction of the stercorite analogue matches the stercorite reference pattern. A comparison is made with the vibrational spectra of synthetic stercorite analogue and the natural Cave mineral. The mineral in nature is formed by the reaction of bat guano chemicals on calcite substrates. A single Raman band at 920 cm-1 (Cave) and 922 cm-1 (synthesised) defines the presence of hydrogen phosphate in the mineral. In the synthetic stercorite analogue, additional bands are observed and are attributed to the dihydrogen and phosphate anions. The vibrational spectra of synthetic stercorite only partly match that of the natural stercorite. It is suggested that natural stercorite is more pure than that of synthesised stercorite. Antisymmetric stretching bands are observed in the infrared spectrum at 1052, 1097, 1135 and 1173 cm-1. Raman spectroscopy shows the stercorite mineral is based upon the hydrogen phosphate anion and not the phosphate anion. Raman and infrared bands are found and assigned to PO43-, H2O, OH and NH stretching vibrations. Raman spectroscopy shows the synthetic analogue is similar to the natural mineral. A mechanism for the formation of stercorite is provided.