Infância escolarizada �� corpos confinados

Problematizar a rela��ão inf��ncia-criança-corpo e brincadeira é uma necessidade inadiável para os que assumem o compromisso com a emergência da voz e com a afirma��ão da cidadania de uma a categoria social estrutural (QVORTRUP, 2001), que permanece como ��rebanho��� no imaginário de uma cultura entrópica. Reter em zona periférica uma das estruturas vitais à própria composi��ão social faz-se um fator de auto-limitaç��o civilizacional. O brincar, um direito da infância, sem nunca ter sido, no contexto da educação formal, é alvo autorizado de uma aç��o invasiva e, orientada por decisões de uma gera��ão que não mais o protagoniza, entretanto sobre ele insiste em legislar. Tolerado, enquanto um mal necessário, pela benevolência educativa – e at�� certo ponto -, encolhe no curr��culo da escola de educação da infância. Reiterado, através de práticas educativas da gera��ão profissionalizada nas funções de ensinar, como manifestação anômala ao contexto das aprendizagens formais, é rapidamente percebido, pela categoria social geracional mais nova, como espa��o-tempo transgressor. O desafio de interrogar as pol��ticas públicas para a educaç��o ou o modelo de escola que representa a vig��ncia de um Estado de bem estar social, deflagra a percep��ão de uma crise que penetra, com for��a avassaladora, o campo da educaç��o da infância. Essa consciência deve suscitar o desejo de ousar pensar para além de um modelo de escola que veicula de forma homog��nea a cultura hegem��nica e, desconsidera as culturas ���não legítimas���. (LAHIRE, 2006). A apropria��ão da autonomia de uma categoria social em nome da sua reden��ão naturaliza a l��gica do ���rebanho” dependente de um “agente emancipador” ou de um ��pastor�� a preceituar sobre sua soberania. Desta legitimaç��o não precisa a infância.

High performance electromechanical actuators based on ionic liquid/poly(vinylidene fluoride)

Due to the increasing need of low voltage actuators, independent from electrochemical processes, electroactive actuators based on poly(vinylidene fluoride) composites with 10, 25 and 40 % of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, [C2mim] [NTf2], ionic liquid are prepared by solvent casting and melting. We show that the charge structure of [C2mim] [NTf2] induces the complete piezoelectric ��-phase crystallization of the PVDF within the composite and decreases its crystallinity fraction significantly. [C2mim] [NTf2] also works as a plasticizer of PVDF, reducing the elastic modulus down to 12 % of the initial value. Moreover, the composites show significant displacement and bending under applied voltages of 2, 5 and 10 Vpp. The displacement and bending of the composite membranes are also evaluated as a function of [C2mim] [NTf2] content and sample thickness. Increasing amounts of ionic liquid result in larger deformations independently of the applied voltage.

Assessment of the mechanical performance of recycled unbound materials for pavement subbase layers

The cyclic load triaxial test is a laboratory test that allows studying the mechanical behaviour of unbound granular materials used in base/subbase layers of road pavements. The resilient modulus and permanent strains are required as inputs in structural pavement design. This paper presents some results obtained for recycled materials (crushed concrete aggregate and blended crushed waste aggregate), with a view to promoting their use in pavement structures. Results relating to a reference material (limestone) are also presented, for comparison. All the test results discussed in this paper were obtained in variable cyclic radial pressure (VCP) tests. The tests performed (VCP) aim to study the influence of water content on the resilient modulus of recycled materials, as well as on the resistance to permanent deformation. Using the experimental data as a basis, further modelling work was carried out to establish the stresses developing in base/capping layers in typical Belgian road pavements. These numerical results allow to propose some simplifications of the stress paths applied in the testing procedures and to establish a new test protocol that also considers compaction during construction works. The results of this research work provide an excellent set of findings for the mechanical characterization of unbound base materials through the cyclic triaxial test, and contribute to a better understanding and correct application of recycled materials under geotechnical engineering background

Validation of the Portuguese version of the Evidence-Based Practice Questionnaire

OBJECTIVES: To describe the process of translation and linguistic and cultural validation of the Evidence Based Practice Questionnaire for the Portuguese context: Questionário de Efic��cia Clínica e Prática Baseada em Evidências (QECPBE). METHOD: A methodological and cross-sectional study was developed. The translation and back translation was performed according to traditional standards. Principal Components Analysis with orthogonal rotation according to the Varimax method was used to verify the QECPBE's psychometric characteristics, followed by confirmatory factor analysis. Internal consistency was determined by Cronbach's alpha. Data were collected between December 2013 and February 2014. RESULTS: 358 nurses delivering care in a hospital facility in North of Portugal participated in the study. QECPBE contains 20 items and three subscales: Practice (α=0.74); Attitudes (α=0.75); Knowledge/Skills and Competencies (��=0.95), presenting an overall internal consistency of α=0.74. The tested model explained 55.86% of the variance and presented good fit: ��2(167)=520.009; p = 0.0001; ��2df=3.114; CFI=0.908; GFI=0.865; PCFI=0.798; PGFI=0.678; RMSEA=0.077 (CI90%=0.07-0.08). CONCLUSION: confirmatory factor analysis revealed the questionnaire is valid and appropriate to be used in the studied context.

Validaç��o da versão portuguesa do questionário de atitudes e barreiras em relação à prática baseada na evidência

Objetivo principal: O presente artigo tem como meta descrever o processo de valida��ão para a língua Portuguesa, do Question��rio de Atitudes e Barreiras em relaç��o à Pr��tica Baseada na Evid��ncia. Metodologia: Desenvolveu-se um estudo metodológico, transversal. Para a adapta��ão cultural, foi efetuada uma traduç��o bidirecional de acordo com os padrões usuais. Para determinar a validade de constructo efetuou-se uma An��lise dos Componentes Principais. A fiabilidade do question��rio foi avaliada com recurso ao alfa de Cronbach. Resultados: Participaram 244 sujeitos, correspondendo a uma taxa de resposta de 64,2%. A vers��o em estudo apresenta 26 itens e tem uma consistência interna aceitável (a =0,60). A análise de componentes principais sugere oito dimensões que explicam 55,7% do total da variância. Conclusões: A análise demonstrou evid��ncia empírica de que o questionário é válido para ser utilizado no contexto estudado.

Improving diagnostic yield in obscure gastrointestinal bleeding - how virtual chromoendoscopy may be the answer

Background and aim: A significant proportion of patients presenting with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB) have negative small bowel capsule endoscopy (SBCE) examinations, and yet remain at risk of rebleeding. We aimed to evaluate whether a second-look review of SBCE images using flexible spectral color enhancement (FICE) may improve the detection of potentially bleeding lesions. Materials and methods: This was a retrospective, single-center study including consecutive patients with OGIB subjected to SBCE, whose standard white light examination was nondiagnostic. Each SBCE was reviewed using FICE 1. New findings were labeled as either P1 or P2 lesions according to bleeding potential. Patients were followed up to assess the incidence of rebleeding. Results: A total of 42 consecutive patients were included. Sixteen patients (38%) experienced rebleeding after a mean follow-up of 26 months. Review of SBCE images using FICE 1 enabled the identification of previously unrecognized P2 lesions, mainly angioectasias, in nine patients (21%) and P1 lesions, mainly erosions, in 26 patients (62%). Among patients who experienced rebleeding, 13/16 (81%) were diagnosed with P1 lesions with FICE 1 (P=0.043), whereas 3/16 (19%) had confirmed nondiagnostic SBCE and only 1/16 (6%) had newly diagnosed P2 (plus P1) lesions. An alternative source of bleeding outside the small bowel was found in only 3/16 (19%) patients with rebleeding during the follow-up. Conclusion: In a significant proportion of patients with OGIB, FICE 1 may detect potentially bleeding lesions previously missed under conventional white light SBCE. Review of nondiagnostic SBCE with FICE 1 may be a valuable strategy to obviate the need for further investigations in patients with OGIB, particularly for those who experience rebleeding.

Mesenchymal stem cells secretome as a modulator of the neurogenic niche: Basic insights and therapeutic opportunities

Neural stem cells (NSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) share few characteristics apart from self-renewal and multipotency. In fact, the neurogenic and osteogenic stem cell niches derive from two distinct embryonary structures; while the later originates from the mesoderm, as all the connective tissues do, the first derives from the ectoderm. Therefore, it is highly unlikely that stem cells isolated from one niche could form terminally differentiated cells from the other. Additionally, these two niches are associated to tissues/systems (e.g., bone and central nervous system) that have markedly different needs and display diverse functions within the human body. Nevertheless they do share common features. For instance, the differentiation of both NSCs and MSCs is intimately associated with the bone morphogenetic protein family. Moreover, both NSCs and MSCs secrete a panel of common growth factors, such as nerve growth factor (NGF), glial derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), among others. But it is not the features they share but the interaction between them that seem most important, and worth exploring; namely, it has already been shown that there are mutually beneficially effects when these cell types are co-cultured in vitro. In fact the use of MSCs, and their secretome, become a strong candidate to be used as a therapeutic tool for CNS applications, namely by triggering the endogenous proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitors, among other mechanisms. Quite interestingly it was recently revealed that MSCs could be found in the human brain, in the vicinity of capillaries. In the present review we highlight how MSCs and NSCs in the neurogenic niches interact. Furthermore, we propose directions on this field and explore the future therapeutic possibilities that may arise from the combination/interaction of MSCs and NSCs.

Breastfeeding and depression: a systematic review of the literature

Background: Research has separately indicated associations between pregnancy depression and breastfeeding, breastfeeding and postpartum depression, and pregnancy and postpartum depression. This paper aimed to provide a systematic literature review on breastfeeding and depression, considering both pregnancy and postpartum depression. Methods: An electronic search in three databases was performed using the keywords: “breast feeding���, ��bottle feeding”, ���depression”, ���pregnancy��, and ��postpartum���. Two investigators independently evaluated the titles and abstracts in a first stage and the full-text in a second stage review. Papers not addressing the association among breastfeeding and pregnancy or postpartum depression, non-original research and research focused on the effect of antidepressants were excluded. 48 studies were selected and included. Data were independently extracted. Results: Pregnancy depression predicts a shorter breastfeeding duration, but not breastfeeding intention or initiation. Breastfeeding duration is associated with postpartum depression in almost all studies. Postpartum depression predicts and is predicted by breastfeeding cessation in several studies. Pregnancy and postpartum depression are associated with shorter breastfeeding duration. Breastfeeding may mediate the association between pregnancy and postpartum depression. Pregnancy depression predicts shorter breastfeeding duration and that may increase depressive symptoms during postpartum. Limitations: The selected keywords may have led to the exclusion of relevant references. Conclusions: Although strong empirical evidence regarding the associations among breastfeeding and pregnancy or postpartum depression was separately provided, further research, such as prospective studies, is needed to clarify the association among these three variables. Help for depressed pregnant women should be delivered to enhance both breastfeeding and postpartum psychological adjustment.

Filic��dio: incid��ncia e factores associados

O presente artigo é uma revisão da literatura sobre o filicídio. Define o filicídio do ponto de vista legal e psicol��gico e refere a sua incidência em diferentes países. Aborda os factores ambientais, parentais e relacionados com a vítima que são suscept��veis de contribuir para o fen��meno. Dentro do filicídio destaca o neonaticídio por ter características muitas próprias que o distinguem dos outros casos de filicídio.