Compositional hierarchical monitoring automaton construction for LTL

In this paper we give a compositional (or inductive) construction of monitoring automata for LTL formulas. Our construction is similar in spirit to the compositional construction of Kesten and Pnueli [5]. We introduce the notion of hierarchical Büchi automata and phrase our constructions in the framework of these automata. We give detailed constructions for all the principal LTL operators including past operators, along with proofs of correctness of the constructions.

18-Bit binary inductive voltage divider for self balancing ac bridge applications

The constructional details of an 18-bit binary inductive voltage divider (IVD) for a.c. bridge applications is described. Simplified construction with less number of windings, interconnection of winding through SPDT solid state relays instead of DPDT relays, improves reliability of IVD. High accuracy for most precision measurement achieved without D/A converters. The checks for self consistency in voltage division shows that the error is less than 2 counts in 2(18).

Analysis and design of split-capacitor resistive-inductive passive damping for LCL filters in grid-connected inverters

Grid-connected inverters require a third-order LCL filter to meet standards such as the IEEE Std. 519-1992 while being compact and cost-effective. LCL filter introduces resonance, which needs to be damped through active or passive methods. Passive damping schemes have less control complexity and are more reliable. This study explores the split-capacitor resistive-inductive (SC-RL) passive damping scheme. The SC-RL damped LCL filter is modelled using state space approach. Using this model, the power loss and damping are analysed. Based on the analysis, the SC-RL scheme is shown to have lower losses than other simpler passive damping methods. This makes the SC-RL scheme suitable for high power applications. A method for component selection that minimises the power loss in the damping resistors while keeping the system well damped is proposed. The design selection takes into account the influence of switching frequency, resonance frequency and the choice of inductance and capacitance values of the filter on the damping component selection. The use of normalised parameters makes it suitable for a wide range of design applications. Analytical results show the losses and quality factor to be in the range of 0.05-0.1% and 2.0-2.5, respectively, which are validated experimentally.

Effect of inductive effect on the formation of cocrystals and eutectics

There is a growing need to understand the factors that control the formation of different yet related multicomponent adducts such as cocrystals, solid solutions and eutectics from both fundamental and application perspectives. Benzoic acid and its structural analogues, having gradation in inductive force strengths, are found to serve as excellent coformers to comprehend the formation of above adducts with the antiprotozoal drug ornidazole. The combination of the drug with para-amino and -hydroxybenzoic acids resulted in cocrystals in accordance with the induction strength complementarity between the participant hydrogen bond donor-acceptor groups. The lack of adequate inductive forces for combinations with benzoic acid and other coformers was exploited to make eutectics of the drug. The isomorphous/isostructural relationship between para-amino and -hydroxybenzoic acid-drug cocrystals was utilized to make solid solutions, i.e. solid solutions of cocrystals. All in all, we successfully steered and expanded the supramolecular solid-form space of ornidazole.

Dissociation Constants of Weak Acids from ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Using Metadynamics: Influence of the Inductive Effect and Hydrogen Bonding on pK(a) Values

The theoretical estimation of the dissociation constant, or pK(a), of weak acids continues to be a challenging field. Here, we show that ab initio CarParrinello molecular dynamics simulations in conjunction with metadynamics calculations of the free-energy profile of the dissociation reaction provide reasonable estimates of the pK(a) value. Water molecules, sufficient to complete the three hydration shells surrounding the acid molecule, were included explicitly in the computation procedure. The free-energy profiles exhibit two distinct minima corresponding to the dissociated and neutral states of the acid, and the difference in their values provides the estimate for pK(a). We show for a series of organic acids that CPMD simulations in conjunction with metadynamics can provide reasonable estimates of pK(a) values. The acids investigated were aliphatic carboxylic acids, chlorine-substituted carboxylic acids, cis- and trans-butenedioic acid, and the isomers of hydroxybenzoic acid. These systems were chosen to highlight that the procedure could correctly account for the influence of the inductive effect as well as hydrogen bonding on pK(a) values of weak organic acids. In both situations, the CPMD metadynamics procedure faithfully reproduces the experimentally observed trend and the magnitudes of the pK(a) values.

A Fuzzy Approximation Scheme for Sequential Learning in Pattern Recognition

An adaptive learning scheme, based on a fuzzy approximation to the gradient descent method for training a pattern classifier using unlabeled samples, is described. The objective function defined for the fuzzy ISODATA clustering procedure is used as the loss function for computing the gradient. Learning is based on simultaneous fuzzy decisionmaking and estimation. It uses conditional fuzzy measures on unlabeled samples. An exponential membership function is assumed for each class, and the parameters constituting these membership functions are estimated, using the gradient, in a recursive fashion. The induced possibility of occurrence of each class is useful for estimation and is computed using 1) the membership of the new sample in that class and 2) the previously computed average possibility of occurrence of the same class. An inductive entropy measure is defined in terms of induced possibility distribution to measure the extent of learning. The method is illustrated with relevant examples.

Stabilization of the Alleged 'Bishomoaromatic' Bicyclo[3.2.l]octa-2,6-dienyl Anion by Counterion Interactions and by Hyperconjugation

Hyperconjugation and inductive effects, rather than homoaromaticity, are responsible for the stabilization of the title anion in the gas phase; interaction of the double bond with the Li+ gegenion in the endo geometry contributes additionally in solution.

Natural Frequencies And Transient Responses Of 3-Phase Rotating Machine Windings

The analysis of transient electrical stresses in the insulation of high voltage rotating machines is rendered difficult because of the existence of capacitive and inductive couplings between phases. The Published theories ignore many of the couplings between phases to obtain the solution. A new procedure is proposed here to determine the transient voltage distribution on rotating machine windings. All the significicant capacitive and inductive couplings between different sections in a phase and between different sections in different phases have been considered in this analysis. The experimental results show good correlation with those computed.

A measure of logical complexity of programs

The research in software science has so far been concentrated on three measures of program complexity: (a) software effort; (b) cyclomatic complexity; and (c) program knots. In this paper we propose a measure of the logical complexity of programs in terms of the variable dependency of sequence of computations, inductive effort in writing loops and complexity of data structures. The proposed complexity mensure is described with the aid of a graph which exhibits diagrammatically the dependence of a computation at a node upon the computation of other (earlier) nodes. Complexity measures of several example programs have been computed and the related issues have been discussed. The paper also describes the role played by data structures in deciding the program complexity.

A Hierarchical System of Learning Automata

A learning automaton operating in a random environment updates its action probabilities on the basis of the reactions of the environment, so that asymptotically it chooses the optimal action. When the number of actions is large the automaton becomes slow because there are too many updatings to be made at each instant. A hierarchical system of such automata with assured c-optimality is suggested to overcome that problem.The learning algorithm for the hierarchical system turns out to be a simple modification of the absolutely expedient algorithm known in the literature. The parameters of the algorithm at each level in the hierarchy depend only on the parameters and the action probabilities of the previous level. It follows that to minimize the number of updatings per cycle each automaton in the hierarchy need have only two or three actions.

Estrogen Induction Of Biotin-Binding Protein In Immature Chicks - Kinetics, Hormonal Specificity And Modulation

Employing a specific radioimmunoassay for quantification, the kinetics of estrogen-induced elevation in the plasma concentration of biotin-binding protein (BBP) in immature male chicks was investigated. A single injection of the steroid hormone enhanced the plasma BBP content several-fold at 6 h, reaching peak levels around 48 h and declining thereafter. A 2-fold amplification of the response was evident during secondary stimulation with the hormone. The magnitude of the response was hormonal dose-dependent while the initial lag phase and the time of peak protein accumulation were unaltered within the hormonal doses tested. The circulatory half-life of the specific protein in normal and estrogenized birds was 10 h. Hyperthyroidism markedly decreased the hormonal response while the opposite effect was seen during hypothyroidism. The antiestrogens E- and Z-clomiphene citrate effectively blocked the protein induction whereas progesterone, either alone or in combination with estrogen, was ineffective in modulating the induction. Cycloheximide administration drastically inhibited the inductive response. The above observations clearly suggest that the genes corresponding to the two isofunctional proteins of chicken egg, viz. BBP and avidin, are differentially regulated.

A cooperative game of a pair of learning automata

A cooperative game played in a sequential manner by a pair of learning automata is investigated in this paper. The automata operate in an unknown random environment which gives a common pay-off to the automata. Necessary and sufficient conditions on the functions in the reinforcement scheme are given for absolute monotonicity which enables the expected pay-off to be monotonically increasing in any arbitrary environment. As each participating automaton operates with no information regarding the other partner, the results of the paper are relevant to decentralized control.

On the axiomatic approach to the maximum entropy principle of inference

Recent axiomatic derivations of the maximum entropy principle from consistency conditions are critically examined. We show that proper application of consistency conditions alone allows a wider class of functionals, essentially of the form ∝ dx p(x)[p(x)/g(x)] s , for some real numbers, to be used for inductive inference and the commonly used form − ∝ dx p(x)ln[p(x)/g(x)] is only a particular case. The role of the prior densityg(x) is clarified. It is possible to regard it as a geometric factor, describing the coordinate system used and it does not represent information of the same kind as obtained by measurements on the system in the form of expectation values.

Multiaction learning automata possessing ergodicity of the mean

Multiaction learning automata which update their action probabilities on the basis of the responses they get from an environment are considered in this paper. The automata update the probabilities according to whether the environment responds with a reward or a penalty. Learning automata are said to possess ergodicity of the mean if the mean action probability is the state probability (or unconditional probability) of an ergodic Markov chain. In an earlier paper [11] we considered the problem of a two-action learning automaton being ergodic in the mean (EM). The family of such automata was characterized completely by proving the necessary and sufficient conditions for automata to be EM. In this paper, we generalize the results of [11] and obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for the multiaction learning automaton to be EM. These conditions involve two families of probability updating functions. It is shown that for the automaton to be EM the two families must be linearly dependent. The vector defining the linear dependence is the only vector parameter which controls the rate of convergence of the automaton. Further, the technique for reducing the variance of the limiting distribution is discussed. Just as in the two-action case, it is shown that the set of absolutely expedient schemes and the set of schemes which possess ergodicity of the mean are mutually disjoint.

Induction of riboflavin-carrier protein in the immature male rat by estrogen: kinetic and hormonal specificity

The kinetics of estrogen-induced accumulation of riboflavin-carrier protein in the plasma was investigated in immature male rats using a specific and sensitive homologous radio-immunoassay procedure developed for this purpose. Following a single injection of the steroid hormone, plasma riboflavin-carrier protein levels increased markedly after an initial lag period of approximately 24 h, reaching peak levels around 96 h and declining thereafter. A 1.5 fold amplification of the inductive response was evident on secondary stimulation with the hormone. The magnitude of the response was dependent on hormonal dose, whereas the initial lag phase and the time of peak riboflavin-carrier protein induction were unaltered within the range of the steroid doses (0.1–10 mg/ kg body wt.) tested. Simultaneous administration of progesterone did not affect either the kinetics or the maximum level of the protein induced. The hormonal specificity of this induction was further adduced by the effect of administration of antiestrogens viz., En and Zu chlomiphene citrates, which effectively curtailed hormonal induction of the protein. That the induction involvedde novo-protein synthesis was evident from the complete inhibition obtained upon administration of cycloheximide. Passive immunoneutralization of endogenous riboflavin-carrier protein with antiserum to the homologous protein terminated pregnancy in rats confirming the earlier results with antiserum to chicken riboflavin-carrier protein.