Spin-Selective Correlation Experiment for Measurement of Long-Range J Couplings and for Assignment of (R/S) Enantiomers from the Residual Dipolar Couplings and DFT

We report the C-HETSERF experiment for determination of long- and short-range homo- and heteronuclear scalar couplings ((n)J(HH) and (n)J(XH), n >= 1) of organic molecules with a low sensitivity dilute heteronucleus in natural abundance. The method finds significant advantage in measurement of relative signs of long-range heteronuclear total couplings in chiral organic liquid crystal. The advantage of the method is demonstrated for the measurement of residual dipolar couplings (RDCs) in enantiomers oriented in the chiral liquid crystal with a focus to unambiguously assign R/S designation in a 2D spectrum. The alignment tensor calculated from the experimental RDCs and with the computed structures of enantiomers obtained by DFT calculations provides the size of the back-calculated RDCs. Smaller root-mean-square deviations (rmsd) between experimental and calculated RDCs indicate better agreement with the input structure and its correct designation of the stereogenic center.

Measurement of Gibbs energy of formation of Ca2PbO4 using a solid-state cell with three electrodes

Phase relations in the system Ca-Pb-O at 1100 K have been determined by equilibrating 18 compositions in the ternary and identifying the phases present in quenched samples by X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). Only one ternary compound Ca2PbO4 was found to be present. The compound coexists with CaO and PbO. The intermetallic compounds Ca2Pb, Ca5Pb3 and CaPb and liquid alloys are in equilibrium with CaO. The standard Gibbs energies of formation of Ca2PbO4 (880 - 1100 K) and Pb3O4 (770 - 910 K) were determined using solid-state cells based on yttria-stabilized zirconia as the solid electrolyte. Pure oxygen gas at 0.1 MPa was used as the reference electrode. For measurements on Ca2PbO4, a novel cell design with three electrodes in series, separated by solid electrolyte membranes, was used to avoid polarization of the electrode containing three solid phases. Two three-phase electrodes were used. The first absorbs the electrochemical flux of oxygen from the reference electrode to the measuring electrode. The other three-phase electrode, which is unaffected by the oxygen flux through the solid electrolyte, is used for electromotive force (EMF) measurement. The results from EMF studies were cross-checked using thermogravimetry (TG) under controlled oxygen partial pressures. The stability of Pb3O4 was investigated using a conventional solid-state cell with RuO2 electrodes. The results can be summarized by the following equations: 2CaO + PbO +1/2O(2) --> Ca2PbO4 Delta(r)G degrees/J mol(-1) = (- 128340 + 93.21 T/K) +/- 200 3PbO + 1/2O(2) --> Pb3O4 Delta(r)G degrees/J mol(-1) = (- 70060 + 77.5 T/K) +/- 150

Method for measurement of the angles of 90-, 45-, 45-deg and 60-, 30-, 90-deg prisms

A simple technique is devised to measure the angles of 90-, 45-, 45-deg and 60-, 30-, 90-deg prisms without using expensive spectrometers, autocollimators, and angle gauges. The method can be extended to unpolished and opaque prisms made of materials other then glass. (C) 1997 Society of Photo-Optical instrumentation Engineers.

Method for measurement of the angles of an equilateral (60-deg) prism

A simple technique is devised io measure the angles of equilateral (60-deg) prisms, without using the expensive spectrometers, autocollimators, and angle gauges. The method can be extended to unpolished and opaque prisms made out of materials other than glass. (C) 1997 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.

Non-resonant perturbation formula for interaction impedance measurement for a folded-waveguide SWS

The non-resonant perturbation formula for the measurement of interaction impedance of a folded-waveguide slow-wave structure was derived for the relevant electromagnetic field configuration at the axis of the beam-hole of the structure. Efficacy of the theory was benchmarked through virtual measurement using 3D electromagnetic modeling in CST-studio.

Bubble size measurement in a gas-liquid ejector for a sodium chloride-air system

A high speed photographic technique has been employed to measure the Sauter mean diameter of bubbles experimentally in a gas liquid ejector using a sodium chloride-air system. The measured values are compared with the theoretically predicted maximum bubble size diameter using Sprow's correlation. Bubble size as a function of the liquid flow rate and also of its distance from the throat of the ejector has been reported in this paper. The results obtained for this non-reactive system are also compared with those obtained earlier for the air-water system.

Modeling of concrete cracking-A hybrid technique of using displacement discontinuity element method and direct boundary element method

This paper presents a new approach by making use of a hybrid method of using the displacement discontinuity element method and direct boundary element method to model concrete cracking by incorporating fictitious crack model. Fracture mechanics approach is followed using the Hillerborg's fictitious crack model. A boundary element based substructure method and a hybrid technique of using displacement discontinuity element method and direct boundary element method are compared in this paper. In order to represent the process zone ahead of the crack, closing forces are assumed to act in such a way that they obey a linear normal stress-crack opening displacement law. Plain concrete beams with and without initial crack under three-point loading were analyzed by both the methods. The numerical results obtained were shown to agree well with the results from existing finite element method. The model is capable of reproducing the whole range of load-deflection response including strain-softening and snap-back behavior as illustrated in the numerical examples. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Measurement of 1/f noise and its application in materials science

This is a review of the measurement of I If noise in certain classes of materials which have a wide range of potential applications. This includes metal films, semi-conductors, metallic oxides and inhomogeneous systems such as composites. The review contains a basic introduction to this field, the theories and models and follows it up with a discussion on measurement methods. There are discussions on specific examples of the application of noise spectroscopy in the field of materials science. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Measurement of axial dispersion coefficient in a packed bed using X-ray

Dispersion of the liquid in a porous media is of great importance in many areas of engineering and has been studied by several researchers so far. A new experimental method has been developed to measure the dispersion coefficient. X-ray absorption technique provides a better understanding of dispersion that characterizes the mixing phenomenon in the packed beds. This is because the method is non-invasive and also it gives tracer concentration data at every point within the bed. The axial dispersion in a cylindrical bed of non-porous and non-wetting spherical particles has been measured for the flow of water. Aqueous barium chloride solution has been used a as tracer. X-ray images, recorded on a videocassette, have been analyzed using an image processing software to extract the local interstitial velocity and concentration data in the bed. Local dispersion coefficient has been determined with the help of aforementioned data. By using these data, the overall dispersion coefficient in a packed bed can also be estimated.

Methods for making prisms with submultiple or half angles: applications to the measurement of the angles of Pechan and Pellin-Broca prisms

A simple technique is devised for making prisms with submultiple or half angles. As an application of these prisms, methods are suggested to measure the angles of the Pechan and Pellin-Broca prisms without using expensive spectrometers, autocollimators, and angle gauges. (C) 2002 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.

Precise measurement of hyperfine intervals using avoided crossing of dressed states

We demonstrate a technique for precisely measuring hyperfine intervals in alkali atoms. The atoms form a three-level system in the presence of a strong control laser and a weak probe laser. The dressed states created by the control laser show significant linewidth reduction. We have developed a technique for Doppler-free spectroscopy that enables the separation between the dressed states to be measured with high accuracy even in room temperature atoms. The states go through an avoided crossing as the detuning of the control laser is changed from positive to negative. By studying the separation as a function of detuning, the center of the level-crossing diagram is determined with high precision, which yields the hyperfine interval. Using room temperature Rb vapor, we obtain a precision of 44 kHz. This is a significant improvement over the current precision of similar to1 MHz.

Direct measurement of phase of foreward-scattered light using polarization heterodyne interferometer

We describe direct measurement of phase of ballistic photons transmitted through objects hidden in a turbid medium using a polarization interferometer employing a rotating analyzer. The unwrapped phase difference measurements from interferometry was possible for medium levels of turbidity and accurate phase measurement from the sinusoidal intensity was not detectable when l/l* is increased beyond 4.3. The measured phase on reconstruction using standard tomographic algorithms resulted in the recovery of the refractive index profile of the object hidden in the turbid medium.

Measurement of Heat Transfer Rate on Backward-Facing Steps at Hypersonic Mach Number

Two backward-facing models with step heights of 2 and 3 mm are used to measure the convective surface heat transfer rates by using platinum thin-film gauges, deposited on Macor inserts. Heat transfer rates have been theoretically calculated along the flat plate portion of a model using the Eckert reference temperature method. The experimentally determined surface heat transfer rate distributions are compared with theoretical and numerical estimations. Experimental heat flux distribution over a flat plate model showed good agreement with the reference temperature method at stagnation enthalpy range of 0.8-2 MJ/kg. Theoretical analysis has been used for downstream of a backward-facing step using Gai's nondimensional analysis. It has been found from the present study that approximately 10 and 8 step heights are required for the flow to reattach for 2 and 3 mm step height backward-facing step models, respectively, at a nominal Mach number of 7.6.

Indium Nitride Nanometric-Objects on c-Sapphire Grown by Plasma-Assisted Molecular Beam Epitaxy

The indium nitride (InN)-based nanometric-objects were grown directly on a c-sapphire substrate by using plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (PAMBE) at different substrate temperatures. High resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) reveals the InN (0002) reflection and full width at half maximum (FWHM) found to be decreased with increasing the growth temperature. The size, height and density of the grown nanometric-objects studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has remarkable differences, evidencing the decisive role of substrate temperature. Photoluminescence (PL) studies revealed that the emission energy is shifted towards the higher side from the bulk value, i.e., a blue shift in the PL spectra was observed. The temperature dependence of the PL peak position shows an ``S-shaped'' emission energy shift, which can be attributed to the localization of carriers in the nanometric-objects.