Geometrically simple linear weirs using circular quadrants

A detailed theoretical analysis of flow through a quadrant plate weir is made in the light of the generalized theory of proportional weirs, using a numerical optimization procedure. It is shown that the flow through the quadrant plate weir has a linear discharge-head relationship valid for certain ranges of head. It is shown that the weir is associated with a reference plane or datum from which all heads are reckoned.Further, it is shown that the measuring range of the quadrant plate weir can be considerably enhanced by extending the tangents to the quadrants at the terminals of the quadrant plate weir. The importance of this weir (when the datum of the weir lies below its crest) as an outlet weir for grit chambers is highlighted. Experiments show excellent agreement with the theory by giving a constant average coefficient of discharge.

On the holographic simulation of non-circular zone plates

New methods involving the manipulation of fundamental wavefronts (e.g., plane and spherical) with simple optical components such as pinholes and spherical lenses have been developed for the fabrication of elliptic, hyperbolic and conical holographic zone plates. Also parabolic zone plates by holographic techniques have been obtained for the first time. The performance behaviour of these zone plates has been studied. Further a phenomenological explanation is offered for the observed improved fringe contrast obtained with a spherical reference wave.

Broadband stacked three-layer circular microstrip antenna arrays

The broadband aspects of stacked three-layer electromagnetically coupled circular microstrip antenna arrays are investigated experimentally. Experiments carried out on 8-element linear microstrip antenna arrays, using optimized stacked three-layer circular microstrip antenna elements, configured in E- and H-planes, have exhibited an impedance bandwidth of 20 percent, with a high gain and a good pattern shape with sidelobe as well as crosspolarization levels better than -20 dB through a scan angle of 40 deg from the broadside.

Circular dichroism and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of pennisetin from pearl millet

The conformation and stability of pearl millet prolamin (pennisetin) were examined by using circular dichroism and C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The far UV spectrum of pennisetin in 70% (v/v) aqueous ethanol showed the presence of predominant alpha-helical structure and its occurrence in the alpha + beta class of protein. The far and near UV spectra of pennisetin in ethanol: trifluoroethanol also supported this observation. However pennisetin showed the presence of some helical structure in 8 M urea which is known to be a highly unordered structure forming solvent. A decrease in alpha helical content of native pennisetin was observed with rise in temperature from 5-75-degrees-C and this effect of temperature was found to be reversible. A C-13 NMR spectrum of pennisetin in 70% ethanol suggested a high degree of molecular mobility in ethanol. Comparison of the cross polarization spectrum with the single pulse excitation spectrum suggested pennisetin to be a heterogeneous protein.

Resistivity imaging of a reconfigurable phantom with circular inhomogeneities in 2D-electrical impedance tomography

Resistivity imaging of a reconfigurable phantom with circular inhomogeneities is studied with a simple instrumentation and data acquisition system for Electrical Impedance Tomography. The reconfigurable phantom is developed with stainless steel electrodes and a sinusoidal current of constant amplitude is injected to the phantom boundary using opposite current injection protocol. Nylon and polypropylene cylinders with different cross sectional areas are kept inside the phantom and the boundary potential data are collected. The instrumentation and the data acquisition system with a DIP switch-based multiplexer board are used to inject a constant current of desired amplitude and frequency. Voltage data for the first eight current patterns (128 voltage data) are found to be sufficient to reconstruct the inhomogeneities and hence the acquisition time is reduced. Resistivity images are reconstructed from the boundary data for different inhomogeneity positions using EIDORS-2D. The results show that the shape and resistivity of the inhomogeneity as well as the background resistivity are successfully reconstructed from the potential data for single or double inhomogeneity phantoms. The resistivity images obtained from the single and double inhomogeneity phantom clearly indicate the inhomogeneity as the high resistive material. Contrast to noise ratio (CNR) and contrast recovery (CR) of the reconstructed images are found high for the inhomogeneities near all the electrodes arbitrarily chosen for the entire study. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Bearing capacity factors of circular foundations for a general c-phi soil using lower bound finite elements limit analysis

By using the lower bound limit analysis in conjunction with finite elements and linear programming, the bearing capacity factors due to cohesion, surcharge and unit weight, respectively, have been computed for a circular footing with different values of phi. The recent axisymmetric formulation proposed by the authors under phi = 0 condition, which is based on the concept that the magnitude of the hoop stress (sigma(theta)) remains closer to the least compressive normal stress (sigma(3)), is extended for a general c-phi soil. The computational results are found to compare quite well with the available numerical results from literature. It is expected that the study will be useful for solving various axisymmetric geotechnical stability problems. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Influence of Circular Defects on the Flexural Strength of Kevlar/Epoxy Composites

The flexural strength of the Kevlar/epoxy composite laminates, in the pres ence of unfilled and filled circular defects, was studied. Circular drillings of two different diameters extending up to the neutral axis from the compression face as well as through holes, at three different positions from the midspan, have been considered as simplified cases of dents and defects. Bonded buttons of aluminium metal have been tested and shown to yield a strength-wise compensation for test samples with depressions. Macrography of the failed specimens is also discussed.

Analysis of a long thick orthotropic circular cylindrical shell panel

An exact three-dimensional elasticity solution has been obtained for an infinitely long, thick transversely isotropic circular cylindrical shell panel, simply supported along the longitudinal edges and subjected to a radial patch load. Using a set of three displacement functions, the boundary value problem is reduced to Bessel's differential equation. Numerical results are presented for different thickness to mean radius ratios and semicentral angles of the shell panel. Classical and first-order shear deformation orthotropic shell theories have been examined in comparison with the present elasticity solution.

Estimation of low-velocity impact damage in laminated composite circular plates using nonlinear finite element analysis

Nonlinear finite element analysis is used for the estimation of damage due to low-velocity impact loading of laminated composite circular plates. The impact loading is treated as an equivalent static loading by assuming the impactor to be spherical and the contact to obey Hertzian law. The stresses in the laminate are calculated using a 48 d.o.f. laminated composite sector element. Subsequently, the Tsai-Wu criterion is used to detect the zones of failure and the maximum stress criterion is used to identify the mode of failure. Then the material properties of the laminate are degraded in the failed regions. The stress analysis is performed again using the degraded properties of the plies. The iterative process is repeated until no more failure is detected in the laminate. The problem of a typical T300/N5208 composite [45 degrees/0 degrees/-45 degrees/90 degrees](s) circular plate being impacted by a spherical impactor is solved and the results are compared with experimental and analytical results available in the literature. The method proposed and the computer code developed can handle symmetric, as well as unsymmetric, laminates. It can be easily extended to cover the impact of composite rectangular plates, shell panels and shells.

Peristaltic pumping in a circular tube in the presence of an eccentric catheter

The influence of an eccentrically inserted catheter on the peristaltic pumping in a tube is investigated under long wavelength, low Reynolds number assumptions. The radially asymmetric deformation of the wall arising through an eccentrically inserted catheter is taken into consideration by choosing an appropriate bipolar coordinate system. The effect of the position and size of the catheter on pumping characteristics is studied. The best performance of pumping is noticed at a certain position of the catheter. The size of the catheter, when placed eccentrically, alters the pressure signature significantly inside the bolus, unlike the concentric case discussed by Lykoudis and Roos (1971). Further, the maximum pressure rise in one period of the peristaltic wave is observed to decrease with an increase in the eccentricity.

Peristaltic transport of two immiscible viscous fluids in a circular tube

Peristaltic motion of two immiscible viscous incompressible fluids in a circular tube is studied in pumping and copumping ranges under long-wavelength and low-Reynolds-number assumptions. The effect of the peripheral-layer viscosity on the time-averaged flux and the mechanical efficiency is studied. The formation and growth of the trapping zone in the core and the peripheral layer are explained. It is observed that the bolus volume in the peripheral layer increases with an increase in the viscosity ratio. The limits of the time-averaged flux (Q) over bar for trapping in the core are obtained. The trapping observed in the peripheral layer decreases in size with an increase in (Q) over bar but never disappears. The development of the complete trapping of the core fluid by the peripheral-layer fluid with an increase in the time-averaged flux is demonstrated. The effect of peripheral-layer viscosity on the reflux layer is investigated. It is also observed that the reflux occurs in the entire pumping range for all viscosity ratios and it is absent in the entire range of copumping.

Large deformation finite element analysis of laminated circular composite plates

A 48 d.o.f., four-noded quadrilateral laminated composite shell finite element is particularised to a sector finite element and is used for the large deformation analysis of circular composite laminated plates. The strain-displacement relationships for the sector element are obtained by reducing those of the quadrilateral shell finite element by substituting proper values for the geometric parameters. Subsequently, the linear and tangent stiffness matrices are formulated using conventional methods. The Newton-Raphson method is employed as the nonlinear solution technique. The computer code developed is validated by solving an isotropic case for which results are available in the literature. The method is then applied to solve problems of cylindrically orthotropic circular plates. Some of the results of cylindrically orthotropic case are compared with those available in the literature. Subsequently, application is made to the case of laminated composite circular plates having different lay-up schemes. The computer code can handle symmetric/unsymmetric lay-up schemes. The large displacement analysis is useful in estimating the damage in composite plates caused by low-velocity impact.

Axisymmetric turbulent boundary layer along a circular cylinder at constant pressure

A constant-pressure axisymmetric turbulent boundary layer along a circular cylinder of radius a is studied at large values of the frictional Reynolds number a+ (based upon a) with the boundary-layer thickness δ of order a. Using the equations of mean motion and the method of matched asymptotic expansions, it is shown that the flow can be described by the same two limit processes (inner and outer) as are used in two-dimensional flow. The condition that the two expansions match requires the existence, at the lowest order, of a log region in the usual two-dimensional co-ordinates (u+, y+). Examination of available experimental data shows that substantial log regions do in fact exist but that the intercept is possibly not a universal constant. Similarly, the solution in the outer layer leads to a defect law of the same form as in two-dimensional flow; experiment shows that the intercept in the defect law depends on δ/a. It is concluded that, except in those extreme situations where a+ is small (in which case the boundary layer may not anyway be in a fully developed turbulent state), the simplest analysis of axisymmetric flow will be to use the two-dimensional laws with parameters that now depend on a+ or δ/a as appropriate.