Simulating Surface Aeration Systems at Different Scale of Mixing Time

Macro and micromixing time represent two extreme mixing time scales,which governs the whole hydrodynamics characteristics of the surface aeration systems. With the help of experimental and numerical analysis, simulation equation governing those times scale has been presented in the present work.

Laser surface cladding of MRI 153M magnesium alloy with (Al+Al2O3)

Laser surface cladding was carried out on a creep-resistant MRI 153M magnesium alloy with a mixture of Al and Al2O3 powders using a pulsed Nd:YAG laser at scan speeds of 21, 42, 63 and 84 mm/s. The Al2O3 particles partially or completely melted during laser irradiation and re-solidified with irregular shapes in the size range of 5–60 µm along with a few islands as large as 500 µm, within the grain-refined Mg-rich dendritic matrix. More than an order of magnitude improvement in wear resistance after cladding was attributed to the presence of ultra-hard Al2O3 particles, increased solid solubility of Al and other alloying elements, and a very fine dendritic microstructure as a result of rapid solidification in the cladded layer. However, corrosion resistance of the laser cladded alloy was reduced by almost an order of magnitude compared to that of the as-cast alloy mainly due to the presence of cracks and pores in the cladded layer.

Numerical simulation of conductive particle behaviour at the surface of a plate electrode affected by a DC corona field

The electric field in certain electrostatic devices can be modeled by a grounded plate electrode affected by a corona discharge generated by a series of parallel wires connected to a DC high-voltage supply. The system of differential equations that describe the behaviour (i.e., charging and motion) of the conductive particle in such an electric field has been numerically solved, using several simplifying assumptions. Thus, it was possible to investigate the effect of various electrical and mechanical factors on the trajectories of conductive particles. This model has been employed to study the behaviour of coalparticles in fly-ash corona separators.

Thermal Overstability Of Hydromagnetic Surface-Waves

We investigate the effects of radiative heat losses and thermal conductivity on the hydromagnetic surface waves along a magnetic discontinuity in a plasma of infinite electrical conductivity. We show that the effects of radiative heat losses on such surface waves are appreciable only when values of the plasma pressure on the two sides of the discontinuity are substantially different. Overstability of a surface wave requires that the medium in which it gives larger first-order compression should satisfy the criterion of Field (1965). Possible applications of the study to magnetic discontinuities in solar corona are briefly discussed.

A DLTS technique for surface state capture cross-section measurement of MOS diodes

A modified DLTS technique is proposed for the direct measurement of capture cross-section of MOS surface states. The nature of temperature and energy dependence σn is inferred from data analysis. Temperature dependence of σn is shown to be consistent with the observed DLTS line shapes.

Monolithic surface acoustic wave resonator oscillator

A monolithic surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonator operating at 156 MHz, in which the frequency controlling element is a Fabry–Perot type of SAW resonator and the gain element is a monolithic SAW amplifier (SiOx/InSb/SiOx structure located inside the SAW resonator cavity) is described and experimental details presented. Based on the existing experimental data, an uhf monolithic ring resonator oscillator is proposed. Journal of Applied Physics is copyrighted by The American Institute of Physics.

An absolute method for the determination of surface tension of liquids using pendent drop profiles

Drop formation at conical tips which is of relevance to metallurgists is investigated based on the principle of minimization of free energy using the variational approach. The dimensionless governing equations for drop profiles are computer solved using the fourth order Runge-Kutta method. For different cone angles, the theoretical plots of XT and ZT vs their ratio, are statistically analyzed, where XT and ZT are the dimensionless x and z coordinates of the drop profile at a plane at the conical tip, perpendicular to the axis of symmetry. Based on the mathematical description of these curves, an absolute method has been proposed for the determination of surface tension of liquids, which is shown to be preferable in comparison with the earlier pendent-drop profile methods.

Oxygen transfer in circular surface aeration tanks

Surface aeration systems employed in activated sludge plants are the most energy-intensive units of the plants and typically account for a higher percentage of the treatment facility's total energy use. The geometry of the aeration tank imparts a major effect on the system efficiency. It is said that at optimal geometric onditions, systems exhibits the maximum efficiency. Thus the quantification of the optimal geometric conditions in surface aeration tanks is needed. Optimal geometric conditions are also needed to scale up the laboratory result to the field installation. In the present work, experimental studies have been carried out on baffled and unbaffled circular surface aeration tanks to ascertain the optimal geometric conditions. It is found that no optimal geometric conditions exist for the liquid/water depth in circular surface aeration tanks; however, for design purposes, a standard value has been assumed. Based on the optimal geometric conditions, a scale-up equation has been developed for the baffled circular surface aeration tanks.

Unsteady compressible 3-dimensional boundary-layer flow near an asymmetric stagnation point with mass transfer

The heat and mass transfer for unsteady laminar compressible boundary-layer flow, which is asymmetric with respect to a 3-dimensional stagnation point (i.e. for a jet incident at an angle on the body), have been studied. It is assumed that the free-stream velocity, wall temperature, and surface mass transfer vary arbitrarily with time and also that the gas has variable properties. The solution in the neighbourhood of the stagnation point has been obtained by series expansion in the longitudinal distance. The resulting partial differential equations have been solved numerically using an implicit finite-difference scheme. The results show that, in contrast with the symmetric flow, the maximum heat transfer does not occur at the stagnation point. The skin-friction and heat-transfer components due to asymmetric flow are only weakly affected by the mass transfer as compared to those components associated with symmetric flow. The variation of the wall temperature with time has a strong effect on the heat transfer component associated with the symmetric part of the flow. The skin friction and heat transfer are strongly affected by the variation of the density-viscosity product across the boundary layer. The skin friction responds more to the fluctuations of the free stream oscillating velocities than the heat transfer. The results have been compared with the available results and they are found to be in excellent agreement.

Alfven surface waves along cylindrical plasma columns

The properties of Alfven surface waves along a cylindrical plasma column surrounded by vacuum or by another plasma medium are discussed. Both symmetric (m=0) and asymmetric (m=+or-1) modes are found to be dispersive in nature. The interfacial symmetric modes propagate in a certain frequency window ( omega A1, omega As), where omega As is the Alfven surface wave frequency along the interface of two semi-infinite media; when nu A1> nu A2 these modes propagate as backward waves and when nu A1< nu A2 as forward waves. The asymmetric modes change from backward to forward waves at a critical wave number kTr approximately=1.59/a when nu A1< nu A2 or vice versa when nu A1> nu A2.

Site classification and estimation of surface level seismic hazard using geophysical data and probabilistic approach

This paper presents the site classification of Bangalore Mahanagar Palike (BMP) area using geophysical data and the evaluation of spectral acceleration at ground level using probabilistic approach. Site classification has been carried out using experimental data from the shallow geophysical method of Multichannel Analysis of Surface wave (MASW). One-dimensional (1-D) MASW survey has been carried out at 58 locations and respective velocity profiles are obtained. The average shear wave velocity for 30 m depth (Vs(30)) has been calculated and is used for the site classification of the BMP area as per NEHRP (National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program). Based on the Vs(30) values major part of the BMP area can be classified as ``site class D'', and ``site class C'. A smaller portion of the study area, in and around Lalbagh Park, is classified as ``site class B''. Further, probabilistic seismic hazard analysis has been carried out to map the seismic hazard in terms spectral acceleration (S-a) at rock and the ground level considering the site classes and six seismogenic sources identified. The mean annual rate of exceedance and cumulative probability hazard curve for S. have been generated. The quantified hazard values in terms of spectral acceleration for short period and long period are mapped for rock, site class C and D with 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years on a grid size of 0.5 km. In addition to this, the Uniform Hazard Response Spectrum (UHRS) at surface level has been developed for the 5% damping and 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years for rock, site class C and D These spectral acceleration and uniform hazard spectrums can be used to assess the design force for important structures and also to develop the design spectrum.

Normal-mode sound propagation in an ocean with sinusoidal surface waves

The normal-mode solution to the problem of acoustic wave propagation in an isovelocity ocean with a wavy surface is considered. The surface wave amplitude is assumed to be small compared to the acoustic wavelength, and the method of multiple scales is employed to study the interaction between normal-mode acoustic waves and the surface waves. A nonresonant interaction causes small fluctuations of the amplitude and phase of the acoustic wave at a rate dependent on the frequency of the surface wave. Backscatter occurs if the wavenumber of the surface wave is larger than that of the acoustic wave. The interaction becomes resonant if appropriate phase-matching conditions are satisfied. In this case, two acoustic normal modes get coupled, resulting in a large-scale periodic exchange of energy from one mode to another.

Characteristics of Alfven surface waves along moving cylindrical plasma columns

The dispersive and stability characteristics of Alfven surface waves (ASW) along the boundary of the moving cylindrical plasma column, surrounded by a stationary medium embedded in a parallel magnetic field is studied. The nature of the symmetric and asymmetric modes on the interface parameters is also discussed.

An auger spectroscopic study of the surface oxidation of zinc

An Auger study of the oxidation of zinc has been carried out to confirm that the relative intensities of the metal lines in election-beam induced Auger spectra are directly proportional to the number of valence electrons and therefore of direct use in investigating surface oxidation of metals.

Surface acoustic waves of finite amplitude excited by a monochromatic line source

A technique for obtaining a uniformly valid solution to the problem of nonlinear propagation of surface acoustic waves excited by a monochromatic line source is presented. The method of solution is an extension of the method of strained coordinates wherein both the dependent and independent variables are expanded in perturbation series. A special transformation is proposed for the independent variables so as to make the expansions uniformly valid and also to satisfy all the boundary conditions. This perturbation procedure, carried out to the second order, yields a solution containing a second harmonic surface wave whose amplitude and phase exhibit an oscillatory variation along the direction of propagation. In addition, the solution also contains a second harmonic bulk wave of constant amplitude but varying phase propagating into the medium.