Harmonic Current Injection based Powerline Communication Method for Grid Connected Single Phase Inverters in Domestic Microgrids

The following paper presents a Powerline Communication (PLC) Method for Single Phase interfaced inverters in domestic microgrids. The PLC method is based on the injection of a repeating sequence of a specific harmonic, which is then modulated on the fundamental component of the grid current supplied by the inverters to the microgrid. The power flow and information exchange are simultaneously accomplished by the grid interacting inverters based on current programmed vector control, hence there is no need for dedicated hardware. Simulation results have been shown for inter-inverter communication under different operating conditions to propose the viability. These simulations have been experimentally validated and the corresponding results have also been presented in the paper.

Filter Configuration and PWM Method For Single Phase Inverters with Reduced Conducted EMI Noise

Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) noise is one of the major issues during the design of the grid-tied power converters. Presence of high dv/dt in Common Mode (CM) voltage, excites the parasitic capacitances and causes injection of narrow peaky current to ground. This results in high EMI noise level. A topology consisting of a single phase PWM-rectifier with LCL filter, utilising bipolar PWM method is proposed which reduces the EMI noise level by more than 30dB. This filter topology is shown to be insensitive to the switching delays between the legs of the inverter. The proposed topology eliminates high dv/dt from the dc-bus CM voltage by making it sinusoidal. Hence, the high frequency CM current injection to ground is minimized.

Filter Configuration and PWM Method For Single-Phase Inverters With Reduced Conducted EMI Noise

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) noise is one of the major issues during design of grid-tied power converters. A novel LCL filter topology for a single-phase pulsewidth modulation (PWM) rectifier that makes use of bipolar PWM method is proposed for a single-phase to three-phase motor drive power converter. The proposed topology eliminates high dv/dt from the dc-bus common-mode (CM) voltage by making it sinusoidal. Hence, the high-frequency CM current injection to the ground and the motor-side CM current are minimized. The proposed filter configuration makes the system insensitive to circuit non-idealities such as mismatch in inductors values, unequal turn-on and turn-off delays, and dead-time mismatch between the inverter legs. Different variants of the filter topology are compared to establish the effectiveness of the proposed circuit. Experimental results based on the EMI measurement on the grid side and the CM current measurement on the motor side are presented for a 5-kW motor drive. It is shown that the proposed filter topology reduces the EMI noise level by about 35 dB.

Adaptive Harmonic Elimination Technique in Single Phase PWM Inverters

High frequency PWM inverters produce an output voltage spectrum at the fundamental reference frequency and around the switching frequency. Thus ideally PWM inverters do not introduce any significant lower order harmonics. However, in real systems, due to dead-time effect, device drops and other non-idealities lower order harmonics are present. In order to attenuate these lower order harmonics and hence to improve the quality of output current, this paper presents an \emph{adaptive harmonic elimination technique}. This technique uses an adaptive filter to estimate a particular harmonic that is to be attenuated and generates a voltage reference which will be added to the voltage reference produced by the current control loop of the inverter. This would have an effect of cancelling the voltage that was producing the particular harmonic. The effectiveness and the limitations of the technique are verified experimentally in a single phase PWM inverter in stand-alone as well as g rid interactive modes of operation.

Low-frequency dc bus ripple cancellation in single phase pulse-width modulation inverters

This study presents a topology for a single-phase pulse-width modulation (PWM) converter which achieves low-frequency ripple reduction in the dc bus even when there are grid frequency variations. A hybrid filter is introduced to absorb the low-frequency current ripple in the dc bus. The control strategy for the proposed filter does not require the measurement of the dc bus ripple current. The design criteria for selecting the filter components are also presented in this study. The effectiveness of the proposed circuit has been tested and validated experimentally. A smaller dc-link capacitor is sufficient to keep the low-frequency bus ripple to an acceptable range in the proposed topology.

A simple analog controller for single-phase half-bridge rectifier and its application to transformerless UPS

A simple, low-cost, constant frequency, analog controller is proposed for the front-end half-bridge rectifier of a single-phase transformerless UPS system to maintain near unity power factor at the input and zero dc-offset voltage at the output. The controller generates the required gating pulses by comparing the input current with a periodic, bipolar, linear carrier without sensing the input voltage. Two voltage controllers and a single integrator with reset are used to generate the required carrier. All the necessary control operations can be performed without using any PLL, multiplier and/or divider. The controller can be fabricated as a single integrated circuit. The control concept is validated through simulation and also experimentally on an 800W half-bridge rectifier. Experimental results are presented for ac-dc application, and also for ac-dc-ac UPS application with both sinusoidal and nonlinear loads. The simulation and experimental results agree well.

A Resonant Integrator Based PLL and AC Current Controller for Single Phase Grid Connected PWM-VSI

Grid connected PWM-VSIs are being increasingly used for applications such as Distributed Generation (DG), power quality, UPS etc. Appropriate control strategies for grid synchronisation and line current regulation are required to establish such a grid interconnection and power transfer. Control of three phase VSIs is widely reported in iterature. Conventionally, dq control in Synchronous Reference Frame(SRF) is employed for both PLL and line current control where PI-controllers are used to track the DC references. Single phase systems do not have defined direct (d) and quadrature (q) axis components that are required for SRF transformation. Thus, references are AC in nature and hence usage of PI controllers cannot yield zero steady state errors. Resonant controllers have the ability to track AC references accurately. In this work, a resonant controller based single phase PLL and current control technique are being employed for tracking grid frequency and the AC current reference respectively. A single phase full bridge converter is being operated as a STATCOM for performance evaluation of the control scheme.

Formation of Single-Phase Indium Selenide Thin Films by Elemental Evaporation

Formation of crystalline, monophasic indium selenide (InSe) thin solid films by elemental evaporation on hot glass substrates (400 to 530 K) is reported. The compound formation as well as the composition of the formed films are confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. The crystallinity of the rhombohedral InSe films can be improved by post-depositional annealing for t < 30 min at 533 K. The InSe thin films become Se-deficient at higher temperatures of deposition or longer duration of annealing. Optical studies reveal the bandgap to be around 1.29 eV. Under optimum conditions of preparations the lowest resistivity of ≈ 12.8 Ω cm is obtained. Durch Verdampfen aus den Elementen auf heiße Glassubstrate (400 bis 530 k) werden dünne, kristalline, einphasige Indiumselenid (InSe)-Festkörperschichten gebildet. Sowohl die Bildung der Verbindung als auch die Zusammensetzung der Schichten werden durch Röntgen-Photoelektronenspektroskopie (XPS) untersucht. Die Kristallinität der rhomboedrischen InSe-Schichten kann durch eine Temperung bei 533 K für t < 30 min nach der Abscheidung verbessert werden. Die dünnen InSe-Schichten zeigen nach Abscheidung bei höheren Temperaturen oder längerer Temperungsdauer einen Se-Unterschuß. Optische Untersuchungen ergeben, daß die Bandlücke bei etwa 1,29 eV liegt. Unter optimalen Präperationsbedingungen wird ein niedrigster Widerstand von ≈ 12.8 Ω cm erreicht.

Preparation and Characterization of Single-Phase Beta-Sialon

A simple method for the preparation of monophasic beta-SiAlON using nitridation of Si and AIN with an oxygen partial pressure of 10(-4) atm is described. The effect of the AlN/Si ratio in the initial mixture on the formation of beta-SiAlON is discussed. The likely mechanism of the formation of beta-SiAlON is outlined.

Switching Transients in Single-Phase Induction Motors

The subject of transients in polyphase induction motors and synchronous machines has been studied in very great detail by several investigators, but no published literature exists dealing exclusively with the analysis of the problem of transients in single-phase induction motors. This particular problem has been studied in this paper by applying the Laplace transform. The results of actual computation of the currents and developed electrical torque are compared with the data obtained by setting up the integro-differential equations of the machine on an electronic differential analyzer. It is shown that if the motor is switched on to the supply when the potential passes through its zero value, there is a pulsating fundamental frequency torque superimposed on the average steady-state unidirectional torque. If, on the other hand, the switch is closed when the applied potential passes through its maximum value, the developed electrical torque settles down to its final steady-state value during the first cycle of the supply voltage.

Suggested improvements in the performance calculations of single-phase induction motors

a complete and accurate analysis is provided for the solution of single-phase induction motor performance characteristics based on a paper by F.W. Suhr ["SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS AS APPLIED TO THE SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR," Electrical Engineering (AlEE Transactions), volume 64, September 1945, pages 651-66].

Mitigation of lower order harmonics in a grid-connected single-phase PV inverter

In this paper, a simple single-phase grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) inverter topology consisting of a boost section, a low-voltage single-phase inverter with an inductive filter, and a step-up transformer interfacing the grid is considered. Ideally, this topology will not inject any lower order harmonics into the grid due to high-frequency pulse width modulation operation. However, the nonideal factors in the system such as core saturation-induced distorted magnetizing current of the transformer and the dead time of the inverter, etc., contribute to a significant amount of lower order harmonics in the grid current. A novel design of inverter current control that mitigates lower order harmonics is presented in this paper. An adaptive harmonic compensation technique and its design are proposed for the lower order harmonic compensation. In addition, a proportional-resonant-integral (PRI) controller and its design are also proposed. This controller eliminates the dc component in the control system, which introduces even harmonics in the grid current in the topology considered. The dynamics of the system due to the interaction between the PRI controller and the adaptive compensation scheme is also analyzed. The complete design has been validated with experimental results and good agreement with theoretical analysis of the overall system is observed.

Integrated higher-order pulse-width modulation filter-transformer structure for single-phase static compensator

A power filter is necessary to connect the output of a power converter to the grid so as to reduce the harmonic distortion introduced in the line current and voltage by the power converter. Many a times, a transformer is also present before the point of common coupling. Magnetic components often constitute a significant part of the overall weight, size and cost of the grid interface scheme. So, a compact inexpensive design is desirable. A higher-order LCL-filter and a transformer are increasingly being considered for grid interconnection of the power converter. This study proposes a design method based on a three-winding transformer, that generates an integrated structure that behaves as an LCL-filter, with both the filter inductances and the transformer that are merged into a single electromagnetic component. The parameters of the transformer are derived analytically. It is shown that along with a filter capacitor, the transformer parameters provide the filtering action of an LCL-filter. A single-phase full-bridge power converter is operated as a static compensator for performance evaluation of the integrated filter transformer. A resonant integrator-based single-phase phase locked loop and stationary frame AC current controller are employed for grid frequency synchronisation and line current control, respectively.